牛油果产业链碳足迹与水足迹测算

Measuring carbon andwater footprints in avocadovalue chains Maria Hernández Lagana Required citation:Hernández Lagana, M. 2026.Measuring carbon and water footprints in avocado value chains. Rome, FAO.https://doi.org/10.4060/ce0007en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerningthe legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these havebeen patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similarnature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views orpolicies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-140751-6© FAO, 2026 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- 4.0 International licence(CCBY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted, provided that the work isappropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization,products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If a translation or adaptation of this work is created, it mustinclude the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation [or adaptation] was not created by theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of thistranslation [or adaptation]. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitration in accordance withthe Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall bebound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute. Third-party materials.This Creative Commons licence CC BY 4.0 does not apply to non-FAO copyright materialsincluded in this publication. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such astables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtainingpermission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-ownedcomponent in the work rests solely with the user. FAO photographs.FAO photographs that may appear in this work are not subject to the above-mentioned CreativeCommons licence. Queries for the use of any FAO photographs should be submitted to:photo-library@fao.org. Sales, rights and licensing.FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) andprint copies can be purchased through the distributors listed there. For general enquiries about FAO publications pleasecontact:publications@fao.org. Queries regarding rights and licensing of publications should be submitted to:copyright@fao.org. Cover photograph: © iStock Contents AcknowledgementsAbbreviationsExecutive summary v vi vii Chapter 1.Introduction1 Chapter 2.Main findings on carbon and water footprint measurement6in avocado value chains Chapter 3.Industry experience in measuring carbon and water footprints in their16operations Chapter 4.Challenges to measure carbon and water footprints22 Chapter 5.Final comments and recommendations for carbon and water26footprint measurement in avocado value chains References34 Annex 1.Consultedjournal articles and studies 36 Annex 2.Consultedstakeholders38 Tables 1.Comparison of GHG emissions in avocado processes102.Comparison of water footprint impacts in avocado processes15A1.Methodologies reviewed for carbon and water footprint measurement in the avocado sector 36A2.List of stakeholders consulted38 Acknowledgements This study was produced by the Markets and Trade Division (EST) of the Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations (FAO). The report was prepared by María Hernández Lagana from the Responsible GlobalValue Chains team, under the overall guidance of Pascal Liu, Senior Economist, leading the team in EST. Theteam assists FAO Members and agrifood supply chain operators, including producer and farmer organizations,trade associations and companies, in building more resilient and sustainable value chains. The team also appreciates the valuable comments provided by Martial Bernoux, Senior Natural Resources Officerat FAO’s Office of Climate Change, Biodiversity and Environment (OCB), as well as by Lorenzo Maestripieri andMaria Giulia Crespi, both Economists at FAO’s Agrifood