加强GCC-CCA经济合作

MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA DEPARTMENT Strengthening GCC–CCAEconomic Cooperation Prepared by an IMF team led by Said Bakhache andFrancois Painchaud and comprising Hoda Assem,Muayad Ismail, Jeong Dae Lee, Nasir Rao, Alejandro Simone,Haytem Troug, Jarin Tasnim Nashin, and Nihal Haider INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENTAL PAPER Strengthening GCC–CCAEconomic Cooperation Prepared by an IMF team led by Said Bakhache andFrancois Painchaud and comprising Hoda Assem,Muayad Ismail, Jeong Dae Lee, Nasir Rao, Alejandro Simone,Haytem Troug, Jarin Tasnim Nashin, and Nihal Haider Cataloging-in-Publication DataIMF Library Names: Bakhache, Said A., author. | Painchaud, Francois, author. | Assem, Hoda, author. | Ismail, Muayad,author. | Lee, Jeong Dae, author. | Rao, Nasir, author. | Simone, Alejandro, author. | Troug, Haytem,author. | Nashin, Jarin, author. | Haider, Nihal, author. | International Monetary Fund, publisher.Title: Strengthening GCC-CCA economic cooperation / Said Bakhache and Francois Painchaud andcomprising Hoda Assem, Muayad Ismail, Jeong Dae Lee, Nasir Rao, Alejandro Simone, Haytem Troug,Jarin Tasnim Nashin and Nihal Haider. Other titles: Strengthening Gulf Cooperation Council-Caucasus and Central Asia economic cooperation. |Departmental paper. | International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Department.Description: Washington, DC : International Monetary Fund, 2026. | Includes bibliographical references.Identifiers: ISBN: Subjects: LCSH: International Trade. | Gulf cooperation council—Commerce—Caucasus and Central Asia.|Caucasus and Central Asia—Commerce—Gulf cooperation council.Classification: LCC HF1379.B35 2026 Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the overall guidance from Zeine Zeidane. The authors also thank seminar partic-ipants at the IMF, particularly from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Caucasus and Central Asia(CCA) Divisions, for helpful suggestions. This paper benefited from insights during a high-level meeting ofeconomic policymakers from the GCC and the CCA countries on the sidelines of the 2024 Annual Meetingsof the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group (IMF and WB). The authors acknowledgesupport from Hasan Dudu on global value chains and research assistance from Sebastian Dell’Acqua. Theauthors also thank Oksana Ament, Esther George and Desislava Hineva for production assistance. The Departmental Paper Series presents research by IMF staff on issues of broad regional or cross-country interest. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarilyrepresent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. Publication orders may be placed online or through the mail:International Monetary Fund, Publication ServicesP.O. Box 92780, Washington, DC 20090, USAT. +(1) 202.623.7430publications@IMF.orgIMFbookstore.orgelibrary.IMF.org Contents Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vAcronyms and Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. Current State of Economic Ties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3A. Trade in Goods and Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3B. Capital and Financial Flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73. Trade and Investment Enabling Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114. Drivers of Trade and Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23A. Trade in Goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23B. Trade in Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26C. Foreign Direct Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .