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UNDP is the leading United Nations organisation fighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality, and climatechange. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to buildintegrated, lasting solutions for people and planet. Learn more at undp.org or follow @UNDP About this publication This is a joint publication of the Electoral Assistance Division (EAD) of the UN Department of Political andPeacebuilding Affairs (DPPA), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). About the author This publication was authored by Ajay Patel, an electoral expert with over 15 years of international electoralexperience. He has supported electoral authorities in various capacities and has held positions within the UnitedNations, UNDP, IFES, NDI and the Carter Center. Acknowledgements This publication benefited greatly from the guidance and support of Osama Aljaber (UNDP) and Maarten Halff Technical Reviewers Osama Aljaber, Virginia Antonelli, Daria Asmolova, Arindrajit Basu, Mehdi Benchelah, Aleida Ferreyra, MaartenHalff, Alexander Hradecky, Dan Malinovich, Steve Martin, Loic Modoux, Tatiana Monney, Jayant Narayan, AsmaNassery and Albertina Piterbarg. Copy Editor Jeff Hoover Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of theUnited Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States. Copyright © UNDP 2026. All rights reserved. One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY10017, USA Contents 2Acronyms and abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................................................4Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................................................................5Key findings.......................................................................................................................................................................................................5Key features of AI transformation in elections.......................................................................................................................................6About this publication.................................................................................................................................................................................... 71. Introduction and background................................................................................................................................................... 8BOX 1 - Electoral assistance and the United Nations..........................................................................................................................92. Overview of AI: capacities and models................................................................................................................................ 10What is AI and what can it do?................................................................................................................................................................... 10AI applications and related technologies................................................................................................................................................11AI is not perfect: current limits and deficiencies..................................................................................................................................11Global Digital Compact and relevance for electoral management............................................................................................... 133. AI in electoral processes: the UN and global perspective............................................................................................... 13Digital public infrastructure......................................................................................................................................................................... 16Digital transformation and elections........................................................................................................................................................ 184. Inclusive AI digital transformation in elections................................................................................................................... 18BOX 2 - Models for promoting inclusion in AI and digital transformation................................................................................... 19Bias in Data, Design and Deployment................................................................................................................................................... 20BOX 3 - Three sources of bias in AI electoral systems..................................................................................................................... 2