《亚洲发展评论》：第43卷，第2期（英）

Volume 43 · Number 2 · June 2026contentISSN: 0116-1105 Mini Symposium from AEDC 2025Rural Development, Sustainability, and Welfare in Asiaand the Pacific1John GibsonGrowing Under the Green Great Wall: Agricultural Impactsof the People’s Republic of China’s Three-NorthShelterbelt Program7Jingyu Gao, Mingzhi (Jimmy) Xu and Xiangrui ZhaoPaved to Nowhere: Dubious Payoffs of Rural RoadExpansion in Nepal’s Rugged Terrain39Santosh Adhikari, Manasa Koirala and Niraj PoudyalImpact of Welfare Card Scheme on Household EconomicDevelopment in Rural Thailand67Buraskorn TorutOpen SubmissionsFrom Walking to Driving: New Firms, Jobs, and SalesAlong a Mountain Road Corridor in Nepal91Kiyoyasu TanakaMining, Transfers, and Urbanization: What ReducedIncome Inequality in Mongolia?131Manlaibaatar ZagdbazarAirport Productivity in ASEAN: Evidence from DataEnvelopment Analysis and Implications for RegionalDevelopment165Colin C. H. LawForeign Direct Investment Origin and ProductivitySpillovers in Viet Nam197Vu Quoc Huynh and Ngoc Phu Tran(Continued) World Scientific EDITOR-IN-CHIEF JOHN GIBSON, University of Waikato MANAGING EDITOR AMINUR RAHMAN, Asian Development Bank ASSOCIATE EDITORS YOTHIN JINJARAK, Asian Development BankDANIEL SURYADARMA, Asian Development BankSHU TIAN, Asian Development Bank EDITORIAL STAFF DONNA FAYE BAJARO, Asian Development BankORLEE VELARDE, Asian Development Bank EDITORIAL BOARD ALBERT PARK, Asian Development BankDONGHYUN PARK, The South East Asian CentralBanks Research and Training CentreDIL RAHUT, Asian Development Bank InstituteKRISLERT SAMPHANTHARAK, University ofCalifornia, San DiegoKUNAL SEN, UNU-WIDER and The University ofManchesterKWANHO SHIN, Korea UniversityTETSUSHI SONOBE, National Graduate Institutefor Policy StudiesAYA SUZUKI, The University of Tokyo ABDUL ABIAD, Asian Development BankKYM ANDERSON, University of AdelaidePREMA-CHANDRA ATHUKORALA, AustralianNational UniversityJOHN BEIRNE, Asian Development BankBAMBANG BRODJONEGORO,Asian Development Bank Institute NEIL FOSTER-MCGREGOR, Asian DevelopmentBank SHIN-ICHI FUKUDA, The University of TokyoRANA HASAN, Asian Development BankSUNG JIN KANG, Korea UniversityXIN MENG, Australian National UniversityAHMED MUSHFIQ MOBARAK, Yale University TheAsian Development Reviewis a professional journal for disseminating the results of economic anddevelopment research relevant to Asia. The journal seeks high-quality papers done in an empirically rigorousway. Articles are intended for readership among economists and social scientists in government, private sector,academia, and international organizations.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the ADB Boardof Governors, or the governments they represent.ADB and ADBI do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB and ADBI do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.Please direct all editorial correspondence to the Managing Editor,Asian Development Review, Economic Research and Development Impact Department, Asian Development Bank, 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City,1550 Metro Manila, Philippines. E-mail: asiandevreview@adb.org. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China, “Korea” as the Republic of Korea,and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. Effective 1 February 2021, ADB placed a temporary hold onsovereign project disbursements and new contracts in Myanmar.For more information, please visit the website of the publication athttps://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/adr CONTENTS—(Continued) Prosperity and Income Inequality Dynamics in SelectedASEAN Countries: How the Rule of Law ModeratesFajrin Hardinandar and Yu-Li Wang 231 Unequal Starts: Intrahousehold Child Nutrition Inequalityin Bangladesh275Takaaki Kishida, Masanori Matsuura andAbu Hayat Md. Saiful Islam Volume 43 · Number 2 · June 2026 Mini Symposium from AEDC 2025 Rural Development, Sustainability, and Welfare in Asiaand the Pacific1John Gibson Growing Under the Green Great Wall: Agricultural Impactsof the People’s Republic of China’s Three-NorthShelterbelt Program7Jingyu Gao, Mingzhi (Jimmy) Xu and Xiangrui Zhao Paved to Nowhere: Dubious Payoffs of Rural RoadExpansion in Nepal’s Rugged Terrain39Santosh Adhikari, Manasa Koirala and Niraj Poudyal Impact of Welfare Card Scheme on Household EconomicDevelopment in Rural ThailandBuraskorn Torut 67 Open Submissions From Walking to Driving: New Firms, Jobs, and SalesAlong a Mountain Road Corridor in NepalKiyoyasu Tanaka 91 Mining, Transfers, and Urbanization: What ReducedIncome Inequality i