《联合国气候变化框架公约》中的CCS和CDR：关键政策切入点

NOORA AL AMERSenior Global Advocacy Lead Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Paris Agreement, Parties pursueclimate mitigation in line with different national circumstances, development priorities, and technology pathways.As countries increasingly focus on implementing net zero and long-term climate goals, Carbon Capture, Utilisation,and Storage (CCS/CCUS) which functions as an emissions reduction and abatement tool, and Carbon Dioxide CONTENTS How CCS Entered the UNCFCCC Process In this publication, “carbon management” is used as an umbrella term for CCS/CCUS and CDR. HOW CCS ENTERED THE UNFCCC PROCESS Global Stocktake (GST) International Carbon Markets Transparency Framework & Biennial Transparency CCShas been recognised in international climatescienceand policy discussions for more than twodecades. Beginning with the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report (AR3)in 2001 and beyond, the IPCC has identified CCS as animportant mitigation option, particularly for emissions- Whilesuccessive IPCC assessment reports alsohighlightedchallenges,limitations,and uncertaintiesrelatedto large-scale CCS deployment,the IPCC’smost recent Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) identifiesCCSas an important mitigation option for hard-to- Climate Finance, Technology & Just Transition Why This Matters This reflects a broader shift within the UNFCCC process,from whether CCS and CDR could play a role in climatemitigationtowards how these technologies can begoverned, accounted for, financed, and implemented.Within UNFCCC discussions, CCS has most commonlybeen referenced in relation to hard-to-abate sectors, Overtime,CCS and later CDR became integratedinto UNFCCC processes through the development ofgreenhouse gas inventory methodologies, technologydiscussions,andmodellinglong-termmitigationpathways.CCS became more formally embeddedwithin the UNFCCC process through the developmentof accounting methodologies for captured and stored Today, CCS and CDR are reflected across UNFCCCprocesses and mechanisms, including national climateplans, carbon markets, transparency frameworks, theGlobal Stocktake, and climate finance and technologydiscussions.Together,these provide pathways for MITIGATION AND NATIONAL CLIMATE PLANNING Paris Agreement Article 4 UnderArticle 4 of the Paris Agreement,PartiescommunicateNationally DeterminedContributions(NDCs)and long-term low greenhouse gas emissiondevelopmentstrategies(LT-LEDS).Anincreasingnumber of countries now reference carbon managementinclimate plans,particularly in relation to industrial More than 60 countries now reference CCS, CCUS,or CDR within NDCs in various ways, with referencesrangingfromhigh-levelrecognitionofcarbonmanagementto more detailed deployment targets,sectoralstrategies,and policy measures(Figure 1).Existinganalysis also suggests that NDCs do not 8%of Parties communicated quantitativetargets for increasing annual carbon capturecapacity by 2035, totalling 39 MtCO₂ per year. CCS deployment is already underway at commercialscale. According to the Global CCS Institute’sGlobalStatus of CCS 2025 report,operational CCS facilitiescurrently represent around 64 MtCO₂ of annual capturecapacity globally. Separately, Imperial College London’sLondon Register of Subsurface CO₂ Storagereportsthat more than 383 MtCO₂ have been permanently 9%of Parties identified specific measuresfor Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage(DACCS). quantitative tracking by the UNFCCC Secretariat ofcarbon capture and engineered removals targetswithin national climate commitments: 3% of Parties included measures related toBioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage(BECCS). TRANSPARENCYFRAMEWORK & BIENNIALTRANSPARENCY CLIMATE FINANCE,TECHNOLOGY & JUSTTRANSITION GLOBALSTOCKTAKE (GST) Developingcountries frequently identify technologyaccess, capacity building, and finance as prerequisitesforindustrialdecarbonisationandlow-carbondevelopment pathways. For these economies, access to Paris Agreement Article 14 Paris Agreement Article 13 TheGlobal Stocktake assesses collective progresstowards achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Theestablishesreporting requirements under the Paris Agreement. As countries incorporate CCS and CDR into The COP28 UAE Consensus marked an important policydevelopment by recognising “abatement and removaltechnologies” inParagraph 28, specifically referencing“CCUS,particularly in hard-to-abate sectors.”Thisrepresented one of the clearest negotiated referencesto CCS technologies within a UNFCCC outcome.TheGST has helped shift discussions in recent years towardsimplementation,financing and industrial transitionpathways. mitigation pathways, robust accounting methodologiesfor captured, transported, stored, and removed CO₂ arebecoming more important. Institutionsand mechanisms under the ConventionandParis Agreement,including the TechnologyMechanism,Technology Executive Committee(TEC),Climate Technology Ce