柬埔寨：解决教育成果的公共财政和人力资源瓶颈

ADDRESSING PUBLIC FINANCE ANDHUMAN RESOURCE BOTTLENECKSTO EDUCATION OUTCOMESPublic Disclosure Authorized © 2026 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed inthis work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments theyrepresent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries,colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on thepart of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as fullattribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2026. Cambodia: Addressing Public Finance andHuman Resource Bottlenecks to Education Outcomes.© World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. TABLE OFCONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................iACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................................ivABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.........................................................................................vEXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................vii 1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................11.1Methodology...........................................................................................................................................3 2EDUCATION SECTOR CONTEXT.................................................................................4 2.1Institutional Context...............................................................................................................................42.2An Overview of Education Spending in Cambodia...................................................................52.3An Overview of School Operating Funds......................................................................................92.4Teacher Comparative Statistics........................................................................................................13 UNDERLYING BOTTLENECKS IMPEDING LEARNING OUTCOMES......................16 3.1Factor 1 – Children lack access to quality childcare and early childhoodeducation services..............................................................................................................................163.2Factor 2 – Teachers are not sufficiently trained to effectively perform their roles.......223.3Factor 3 – Children are being allowed to fall behind.............................................................353.4Factor 4 – Large class sizes are compounding the problemof students falling behind.................................................................................................................383.5Factor 5 – The shortage of key inputs and poor infrastructureare impeding learning.........................................................................................................................413.6Factor 6 – Management of the sector has not been modernized......................................45 4RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................48 5.1 Methodology.............................................................................................................................................54 6BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................58 LIST OFFIGURES Figure 1.1.Net Enrollment Rates in Primary and Lower-Secondary Schools, 2009 and 2019............1Figure 1.2.Comparison of Cambodia’s SEA-PLM 2019 and 2024 Proficiency Levelsin Reading and Mathematics...............................................................................................................2Figure 2.1.A Geographical Illustration of Cambodia’s Institutional Context.............................................4Figure 2.2.Cambodia’s Government Spending on Education (as a Percentage of GDP)....................5Figure 2.3.Total Global Education Spending in Constant 2022 US Trillion, 2010–2022.....................6Figure 2.