2024电制可持续航空燃料 (e-SAF) 在实现净零排放中的作用研究报告

Key findingsof the study carried out byour Working Group dedicated to aviation Authors: New Energies Coalition September,2024 Preamble The need totackle climate changewill requirewide-scaleemissions reductionin all sectors ofthe economy includingair travel. There aremultiple activitiesunderway in the aviation sector todrive this reduction, and awide range ofenablingtechnologies. In particular, theInternationalCivil Aviation Organization(ICAO) has developed theCarbon Offsetting and Reduction SchemeforInternational Aviation(CORSIA), whichmake it possible forparticipating parties to reduceemissions throughoffsettingortheuse ofSustainable Aviation Fuels(SAF). Among the different SAF pathway options,e-fuels, producedfrom captured carbon dioxide andgreen hydrogen1will have near zero life-cycle emissions,couldplay an important roleintheaerospace industry’s decarbonisation roadmapsetoutbyATAG, IATA and ICAOgiven their potentialscalability.These leading aviation authorities and regulatory bodies consider SAF as a keycontributor to reach ‘net-zero carbon emissions’ by 2050. For reasons of technical suitability, all SAF pathways today are limited to a maximum of 50%blendratio with fossil fuel within the controlling ASTM fuel specification. Asa result, there isa need tounderstand how toenable the use of100% SAF–thereby removing the need to blendwith fossil fuelsat all.There is aninterest ine-fuelsin particular, the production of which is not subject to the availabilityofbiomass feedstocks.Understanding the technical feasibility,costs,deployment,potentialconstraintsas well as thesocial and environmental impacts of e-fuels (includinggreenhouse gas(GHG)emissions reduction)is the subject of ongoingresearch acrossmultiple sectors. Thisreport highlights the workon the subjectdone bytheNew Energies Coalitionthroughone of itsworkinggroups led by Rolls Royce with the significant contribution of Airbus,CMA CGM,TotalEnergies, with analysis conductedbythe consultancy firmERM. Table of Contents The crucial role of SAF in the decarbonization of the aviation sector3 What is SAFFocus on e-SAFSAF: main benefits & challenges How to reach 100%100% drop-ine-SAF feasibilityProductionDistribution infrastructureEconomicsGHG emissions 8 Overview of e-fuels categories14 Conclusions 16 SAF will play a crucial role in the decarbonization of theaviation sector(particularly to 2050)but faces severalchallenges According tothe International Energy Agency (IEA),air transportation is responsible for ~800Mt ofCO2emissions (2022), representing approximately2 to 3% of global human-induced greenhousegas(GHG) emissions. Itis important to highlight that domesticaviation traffic hasmultiplied by 4 since1990,however aviation emissions haveonlydoubledduetoa50%improvementin the fleet fuel efficiency. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) expects aviationCO2emissions to grow in thenextdecades due to increased air travel demand. To address this challenge andmeet the aviation industry’s objective for‘net-zero carbonemissions’by 2050, several complementary leversarebeing explored: renewal of the current fleetwith latest generation aircraft, improvements in operational efficiency, technological innovations fornext generation aircraft, carbon offsetting & removal, and... Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). It iswidelyrecognized that SAF will have to play an essential role in this decarbonization journey of thesector,intheshortandlong term. IATA estimates that SAF could contribute around 65% of the reduction emissions needed by aviationto reach net-zero in 2050, however, this will require a massive increase in production. The largest acceleration is expected in the 2030s as policy support becomes global, SAFbecomesmoreeconomically competitive with fossil kerosene and credible offsets becomemore scarce. In 2023,SAF volumesdoubled andreached over600 million liters(0,5 MT)up from 300 millionliters (0,25 MT) in 2022,but stillonly amounting to less than 0,2 % of aviation fuel consumptionfor the year. What is SAF? Sustainable Aviation Fuel, often abbreviated by SAF,isgenerally defined asa renewablefueldesigned for aviation. Current SAF suppliescan reduce lifecycleCO2emissions by 80% on averagecompared with fossil-derivedjet fuels. SAF can be produced fromrenewablefeedstocks,such asbio wastes (from other industries likeagriculture, food, used cooking oil and animal fats,etc…)(“bio-SAF”). It can also beproduced bycapturing carbondioxide(from point source ordirectly from the air)and combining it withgreenhydrogen to produce hydrocarbons (“e-SAF”).SAFblendedup with a certain %volumeswithfossil-derivedjetfuelcan be directly used in current aircraft without requiring any modifications–theresulting blend is a“drop-in”low carbonfuel(compliant withJET A/A-1 specifications, e.g. qualifiedunder from ASTM D1655 and Def Stan 91-091). To comply with CORSIA or local regulations (e.g.ReFuelEU Aviationin Europe),SAF must meetcertain“sustainability cri