越南企业对减排措施的偏好和支付碳税的意愿

11406 Firm’s Preferences for Emissions ReducingMeasures and Willingness to Pay for a CarbonTax in Viet Nam Govinda TimilsinaChau TranGal Hochman Development EconomicsDevelopment Research GroupJune 2026Public Disclosure Authorized A verified reproducibility package for this paper isavailable athttp://reproducibility.worldbank.org,clickherefor direct access. Policy Research Working Paper11406 Abstract trends. They consider the lack of finance to be the mainbarrier to investing in climate change mitigation measures.The study also finds that if a carbon tax were imposed at100,000 local currency (around US$5) per ton of carbondioxide, over 60% of firms would be willing to invest lessthan 5% of their annual revenue in greenhouse gas mitiga-tion; only less than 10% of the firms are willing to allocatemore than 10% their revenue for greenhouse gas mitigation.The findings also show that larger firms and state-ownedfirms have a higher willingness to pay for emission mit-igation measures. Given the small sample size and staticpreference approach, the findings should be interpreted asindicative rather than conclusive. Viet Nam is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emis-sions by 15.8% by 2030 and meeting its net-zero emissiontarget by 2050. The industrial sector, including the powersector, is the primary emitter and its active participationis necessary to achieve the targets. This study uses a stat-ed-preference survey Vietnamese firms to understand theirpreferences in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The studyfinds that Vietnamese firms prefer to reduce their green-house gas emissions through improving energy efficiency,substituting fossil fuels with non-fossil fuels and changingproduction processes. The ranking of preferences differsacross the size, type, ownership and geographical locationof firms. Their willingness to reduce emissions is drivenby anticipated future regulations, social image, and global The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about developmentissues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry thenames of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely thoseof the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank andits affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Firm’s Preferences for Emissions Reducing Measures and Willingness toPay for a Carbon Tax in Viet Nam Govinda Timilsina, Chau Tran, and Gal Hochman* Keywords: Global public bads, Willingness to pay, Carbon pricing, Emissions reductionPolicies, Viet Nam JEL Codes:D22, Q52, Q58 1. Introduction Viet Nam has formally committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions atthe Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015 (Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, 2022). In 2022,Viet Nam revised its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), increasing its unconditionaltarget to reduce GHG emissions by 15.8% below business-as-usual (BAU) projections by 2030,up from the previous target of 9%. With international assistance, this commitment could furtherrise to a 43.5% reduction below BAU levels, significantly higher than the earlier conditionaltarget of 27% (Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, 2022).To fulfill this commitment, Viet Namenacted a revised Law on Environmental Protection, effective January 2022. This lawestablishes a legal framework for environmental fiscal policies, such as carbon pricing, anemission credit (offset) mechanism and a domestic emissions trading system (ETS). Environmental fiscal policies are not new to Viet Nam. Viet Nam has already introducedsuch policies as pollution taxes. These taxes, which have been revised multiple times sincetheir introduction in 2012 (Nong et al. 2020a, Wang, et al., 2020), have been critiqued for theirlow rates, raising concerns about their effectiveness in reducing emissions (Zimmer et al.,2015). Viet Nam's power sector development plan is also aligned with environmental goals,recognizing the power sector as a major source of emissions (Hoffmann, 2020). According tothe latest National Power Development Plan (PDP VIII), Viet Nam aims to phase out coal andincrease the share of renewable energy to 67.5% - 71.5% by 2050 (Government News, 2024)2.The Vietnamese government enacted the Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy in2010, which is one of key GHG mitigation measures and is part of the country's climatemitigation strategies (Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2018; Zimmer et al., 2015). Since carbon pricing has not yet been implemented in Viet Nam, the existing literatureprimarily discusses the potential (ex-ante) impacts of carbon pricing (Nguyen, 2024; Nong etal. 2020a; Nguyen, et al., 20