STEM教育在罗马尼亚的格局

EUROPEAN COMMISSION Contact:Maria Podlasek-Ziegler E-mail:EAC-UNITE-B2@ec.europa.eu STEM education landscape inRomania Author:Dr. AdinaC.E.Avacovici, in collaboration with the study team Manuscript completed inJanuary 2025 This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of theauthors, and the European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of thispublication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union,2026 © European Union,2026 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented by Commission Decision2011/833/EU of 12December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L330, 14.12.2011, p.39).Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution4.0 International (CCBY4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means thatreuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union, permission may needto be sought directly from the respective rightholders. PrintISBN978-92-68-38350-6 doi:10.2766/8651388NC-01-26-077-EN-CPDFISBN978-92-68-38349-0 doi:10.2766/2943290NC-01-26-077-EN-N Contents 1.Backgroundto the country’s education system and STEMperformance.............................................................................................7 1.1.Structure of the national school education system.................................71.2.Governance of STEM education in Romania.........................................91.3.Introduction of the country’s performance in STEM education in 2014-2024.....................................................................................................111.3.1.Performance in STEMand diversity........................................................14 2.Overview of the main policy and structural challenges and factorsrelated to STEM education in schools.................................................15 2.1.Policy framework for STEM education in Romania..............................152.2.Overview of the main structural challenges and factors related to STEMeducation in schools............................................................................182.2.1.STEM education curriculum....................................................................182.2.2.Transitions between different levels of education....................................192.2.3.School infrastructure deficiencies............................................................202.2.4.Shortage of teachers and ageing population...........................................212.2.5.Education and training of teachers..........................................................212.2.6.STEM learning support and equity..........................................................22 3.Overview of the identified instruments promoting STEMeducation 24 5.1.Bibliography...........................................................................................345.2. List of interviewees................................................................................36 Thisdocument presents results of country-specific research on science,technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and its support inRomania. It was prepared in the context of a wider study on ‘Promoting STEMeducation in schools’ commissioned by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (DG EAC). 1.Background to the country’seducation systemand STEM performance 1.1.Structure of the national school education system In Romania, the education system below the tertiary level is divided into threestages: early childhood education and care (ECEC), primary education, andsecondary education, which includes both lower and upper secondary levels. Early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Romania corresponds to ISCEDlevel 0 and serves childrenfrom3 monthsto6years old. This stage includesante-preschool education and care for children under3, and pre-school educationfor children aged3to6. While not compulsory for younger children, attendanceis encouraged. The new Law of Education 198/2023 added the middle form ofkindergarden (for children aged 4-5 years) besidethe final year of kindergarten(for children aged5to6) asmandatory. There are two types of programmes inECEC:regular hours (5 hours)andlong hours (10 hours), both free of charge.The ECEC curriculum(a compulsory guiding document)emphasises social,emotional,and cognitive development,with activities designed to preparechildren for formal schooling. Children are introduced to early literacy, numeracy,creativity, and basic life skills through play-based learning. Assessment at thisstage is informal, focusing on developmental milestones and school readiness atthe end of the pre-school cycle. Primary education (ISCED level 1) in Romania begins at age six or seven andlasts for five yea