代理、机器人和我们：人工智能如何重塑欧洲的工作和技能

How AI reshapes work and skills in Europe AuthorsSylvain JohanssonAnu MadgavkarUlf SchraderMaría Jesús RamírezXavier Rigby Confidential and proprietary. Any use ofthis material without specific permission ofMcKinsey & Company is strictly prohibited. Copyright © 2026 McKinsey & Company.All rights reserved.Cover image: © onuma Inthapong/Getty Images. McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute was established in 1990. Our mission is to provide a fact base toaid decision making on the economic and business issues most critical to the world’s companiesand policy leaders. We benefit from the full range of McKinsey’s regional, sectoral, and functionalknowledge, skills, and expertise, but editorial direction and decisions are solely the responsibility ofMGI directors and partners. Our research is currently grouped into five major themes: —Productivity and prosperity: Creating and harnessing the world’s assets most productively—Resources of the world: Building, powering, and feeding the world sustainably—Human potential: Maximizing and achieving the potential of human talent—Global connections: Exploring how flows of goods, services, people, capital, and ideasshape economies—Technologies and markets of the future: Discussing the next big arenas of value and competition We aim for independent and fact-based research. None of our work is commissioned or funded byany business, government, or other institution; we share our results publicly free of charge; and weare entirely funded by the partners of McKinsey. While we engage multiple distinguished externaladvisers to contribute to our work, the analyses presented in our publications are MGI’s alone, andany errors are our own. You can find out more about MGI and our research atwww.mckinsey.com/mgi. MGI directors MGI partners Shubham Singhal (chair)Chris BradleyTanguy CatlinKweilin EllingrudSylvain JohanssonNick LeungOlivia White Arvind GovindarajanMekala KrishnanAnu MadgavkarJan MischkeJeongmin Seong Contents At a glance3 CHAPTER 1Work will increasingly involve collaboration among people, agents, and robots6 CHAPTER 2 Automation could unlock up to $1.9 trillion in Europe—depending on the pace of adoption14 CHAPTER 3Workers will increasingly apply their skills alongside agents and robots20 COUNTRY DASHBOARDS Czech Republic33Denmark38France43Germany48Italy53Netherlands58Poland63Spain68Sweden73United Kingdom78 Acknowledgments83 At a glance —Work in Europe will increasingly involve collaboration among people, agents, and robots.Across ten countries, 58 percent of current work hours could theoretically be automated usingexisting technologies—a share similar to that in the United States, though shaped by Europe’sdistinct mix of industries. This reflects technical feasibility, not a forecast of actual adoption orjob losses. —In Europe, automation could unlock up to $1.9 trillion in economic value by 2030, but howmuch is realized will hinge on the pace of adoption.In a gradual scenario, significantly lessvalue would be captured. Factors such as costs, regulation, and organizational readiness willshape adoption. —Most human skills will endure, even as they are applied differently.Three-quarters of the skillssought by European employers today, including problem solving, writing, and research, are usedin both automatable and non-automatable work. This overlap means they are more likely to beapplied in collaboration with AI than replaced by it, at least in the near term. —Demand for AI-related skills is rising in Europe’s workforce, but unevenly across countries.Demand for AI fluency has increased fivefold since 2023 and now appears in job postings acrossoccupations representing 5 percent of employment. —Leadership choices will shape how AI adoption unfolds across Europe.Capturing theopportunity will require redesigning workflows, investing in skills, and supporting workers as theyadapt to working alongside agents and robots. People, agents, and robots could all play significant roles in the workforceof the future. Distribution of work hours in Europe, by technical automation potential,12024,% McKinsey & Company Artificial intelligence and automationare reshaping how work is done across advanced economies.In Europe, the stakes are particularly high. The region faces a shrinking and aging workforce,persistent labor shortages, and slower productivity growth than peers such as the United States.1Sustaining competitiveness and living standards will depend on the effective integration of peopleand technology. Extending recent McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) research on the United States,Agents, robots, andus: Skill partnerships in the age of AI, this report turns the focus to Europe, examining how AI couldreshape the skills that underpin work and, in turn, productivity and growth. We cover ten economiesthat together account for more than three-quarters of the region’s labor force and GDP.2 Across these economies, some 58 percent of current