2025年全球社会正义状况报告：聚焦就业公平、社会保障与劳工权益

Thirty years ago, delegates from 186 countries – at the time, the largest gathering of worldleaders ever assembled – convened in Copenhagen for the first World Summit for SocialDevelopment. The 1995 summit recognized the centrality of full and productive employmentfor social development, noting how it was interrelated with poverty eradication and social Ahead of the Second World Summit for Social Development, which will take place in Qatar inNovember, the ILO has embarked on its first ever attempt to assess the state of social justice inthe world and reflect on the progress made over the last 30years. Social justice means that “allhuman beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their materialwell-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic This report evaluates key indicators used to measure the global progress and ongoing challengesin achieving social justice, building on the premise of the ILO Constitution that “universal and Significant progress has been made. Since 1995, the world is wealthier, healthier and bettereducated. Yet, progress in certain areas remains limited, and stark global inequalities endure.Hence, in spite of the many improvements, disenchantment with institutions is widespreadand persistent. Governments, unions and businesses face declining levels of trust, indicating In this report, the ILO examines the state of social justice in the world and makes recommen-dations for action to ensure continued progress. Building a just world:Four foundational pillars The ILO’s vision for advancing social justice is built upon four pillars, each of which is discussedin the corresponding chapter: 1.Fundamental human rights and capabilities:These lay the foundation for social justiceand involve ensuring fundamental freedoms and entitlements. 2.Equal access to opportunities:Social justice requires a focus on removing barriers to partic-ipation in education, training and the world of work, enabling people to earn a decent living. 4.Fair transitions:Social justice in a changing world involves applying, adaptingand amplifying institutions to manage major societal shifts (environmental, Chapter 1: Fundamental human rightsand capabilities Fundamental human rights and capabilities are the indispensable foundation for achieving socialjustice, both within the world of work and the wider world. Human rights, labour rights andenhanced capabilities are essential conditions for social justice. Basic human rights are laid out invarious instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the InternationalCovenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) and the International Covenant onCivil and Political Rights (1966). The Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development (1995) to other human and labour rights: freedom of association and the effective recognition of theright to collective bargaining; the elimination of forced or compulsory labour; the abolition ofchild labour; the elimination of discrimination at work; and a safe and healthy working environ- Progress on guaranteeing basic human rights for all has been mixed. On the one hand, theprevalence of child labour and the rate of fatal occupational injuries have both fallen steeplysince 1995. On the other, the compliance with freedom of association and collective bargaining Chapter 2: Equal access to opportunities Equal access to opportunities means overcoming and removing barriers to participation ineducation, training and the world of work, enabling people to secure decent work through paidemployment or self-employment. The concept of decent work introduced by the ILO in 1999 refersto productive employment for women and men, covered by social protection systems, respectfulof labour rights and with conditions negotiated with sound social dialogue mechanisms. While this In 2025, 58per cent of workers are in informalemployment. Economic growth alone does notensure decent or formal work, underscoring thatpolicies are crucial for supporting equal access tojob opportunities. At the start of the twenty-firstcentury, GDP growth of 1per cent led to a rise in Beyond informality, large gaps in labour forceparticipation persist between men and women,between youth and prime-age workers, betweenpersons with and without disabilities and While global unemployment rates may havefallen – especially in high-income countriesdue to better policies as well as the impact ofageing populations, which lower labour forceparticipation rates – they are rising in low-incomecountries. Labour underutilization (including join it) reveals deeper disparities. A persistent 27-percentage-point gap in the labour force partic-ipation rate separates men and women. In large part, it is because women bear the majority ofunpaid care responsibilities (76per cent globally), which limits their access to paid employment.The high rate of youth not in employment, education or training (NEET