2025肉食性水产养殖威胁日益严峻研究报告

Contents Executive summary..............................................................4Glossary.................................................................................6Objectives.............................................................................8Aquaculture – a growing, global industry.........................9Aquaculture growth inEurope – driven by Norway............................................11Aquaculture in Norway...................................................12Risk & reward in carnivorous aquaculture........................14Trade of FMFO....................................................................17Expansion of existing carnivorous aquaculturein Europe............................................................................20Expansion of new species in Europe.................................25Spain’s growing dependence on unsustainablefeed sources and aquaculture species..............................26A closer look at Spain’s FMFO sourcing.........................26Octopus farming in Spain..............................................30What are the alternatives to FMFO?.................................33By-products.....................................................................34Plant-based proteins and oils........................................35Algae................................................................................36Insects..............................................................................36Single-cell proteins..........................................................37Alternative feeds and the future...................................38Looking ahead: Policy pathwaysand recommendations......................................................39Conclusion..........................................................................41References..........................................................................42Methods..............................................................................46Aquaculture Production.................................................46Historical Aquaculture Production.......................................46Projected Carnivorous Aquaculture Production.................46Projected Octopus Aquaculture in Spain.............................47FMFO Trade.......................................................................48Annex..................................................................................49 COMPASSION IN WORLD FARMING INTERNATIONAL (CIWF)is the leading international farm animal welfare charity. It wasfounded in 1967 by British dairy farmer Peter Roberts and nowoperates globally, including in Europe, the US, Asia and Africa.Our mission is to end factory farming. We work with policymakers,food businesses and civil society to protect animals and theenvironment, driving shifts to regenerative and sustainable foodsystems that produce nutritious food, respect animal welfare,and work with nature. This report was produced by MarFishEcoFisheries Consultants Ltd in collaboration with CIWF. Executive summary Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing foodproduction sectors worldwide. Often presented asa solution to rising seafood demand, its continuedexpansion, particularly of carnivorous species,raises serious environmental, food security, social,and animal welfare concerns. inputs, and escapes of non-native species, whilewelfare standards for farmed fish remain weak. Feed-intensive aquaculture growth depends onwild-capture forage fisheries to produce fishmealand fish oil (FMFO). This has consequencesthat include overfishing, weakened marineecosystems, and threats to the food security ofcoastal communities that rely on these fish fordirect consumption. This rapid expansion has come at a huge cost.Intensive farming systems have been linked towater pollution, disease outbreaks, chemical Ecological footprint of Europeanseafood consumption will increase Spain sourced FMFO from many countries thathave elevated risks of illegal, unreported, orunregulated fishing (IUU fishing) and limitedsustainable fishing practices. Spain is also pushingthe expansion of aquaculture into new feed-intensive species. The most striking example isindustrial-scale octopus farming. Currently, most European aquaculture productioncomes from a handful of carnivorous species.Our analysis on future projections of productionof the top carnivorous and omnivorous species– such as Atlantic bluefin tuna, Atlantic salmonand Rainbow trout –shows an increase of 30% by2040. This would create an even more devastatingreliance on the capture of wild-caught fish toproduce FMFO – an increase of 70% by 2040.This projected rise would simply exacerbate thenegative ecological, social, and animal welfareimpacts. The potential emergence of octopus farminghas drawn immense international opposition,reflecting widespread recognition thatfarming such a highly sentient, solitary, andcarnivorous species is incompatible with welfare,sustainabi