肯尼亚以人为本的司法之路：2025年JUPITER评估

A 2025 JUPITER ASSESSMENTPublic Disclosure Authorized Governance Global Department © 2026 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board ofExecutive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this workand does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liabilitywith respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. Theboundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply anyjudgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement oracceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privilegesand immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions.The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encouragesdissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes,as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution.Please cite this report as follows: Ramos‑Maqueda, Manuel. 2026.The Path to People‑CenteredJustice in Kenya: A 2025 JUPITER Assessment.Washington, DC: World Bank. Anyqueries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; Fax: 202‑522‑2625;E-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. THE PATH TOPEOPLE-CENTEREDJUSTICE IN KENYA A 2025 JUPITER ASSESSMENT A verified reproducibility package for this publicationis available athttp://reproducibility.worldbank.org,clickherefor direct access. Governance Global Department TABLEOF CONTENTS Abbreviations8 Acknowledgments11 Executive Summary12 Main Findings14Policy Recommendations21 The Evolution of Justice in Kenya27The Structure of the Kenyan Judiciary29 I. Access: Opening the Doorways of Justice31 1.1. Geographical Access and Court Infrastructure331.2. Expanding the Avenues to Access Justice391.3. Integrating Alternative and Customary Justice461.4. Equality under the Law491.5. Affordability and Legal Aid54 II. Efficiency: Addressing Court Backlogs and Integrating Technology59 2.1. Court Processes, Backlogs and Delays602.2. Digital Transformation and ICT Integration712.3. Budget and Resource Constraints75 III. Quality: The Challenge of Building Public Trust78 3.1. Judicial Qualifications and Appointments813.2. Staff Integrity and Perceptions of Corruption833.3. The Transparency of Laws and Judgments893.4. Enhancing the Quality of Judicial Decisions91 Policy Recommendations95Annex A. JUPITER Assessment in Kenya: Overview and Data Sources112Annex B. Data for Kenya116B.1. Access to Justice Pillar116B.2. Efficiency Pillar131B.3. Quality Pillar137Annex C. Additional Information146Bibliography153 FIGURES Figure 1. Judiciary’s Vision‑Social Transformation through Access to Justice (2023‑2033)28Figure 2. Structure of Kenyan courts29Figure 3. Avenues citizens would seek to resolve their legal problem33Figure 4. Satisfaction with court buildings varies widely by court station36Figure 5. There is a large variation across counties in the ratio of judges per capita38Figure 6. Wealthier counties have a higher ratio of judges per capita39Figure 7. Awareness of CAM is low, particularly for the less educated41Figure 8. Lawyers and users struggle to find information on court fees, legal aid and self‑representation44Figure 9. Awareness of CUCs is low, particularly for the less educated46Figure 10. Justice is seen as harder to access for people with disabilities and linguistic barriers,rural populations, and women49Figure 11. Women are less represented across roles50Figure 12. Women are less involved in civil, employment, and land cases51Figure 13. The level of policy implementation to support access for people with disabilities is very low53Figure 14. Court and attorney fees in Kenya tend to be higher than in other countries in the region55Figure 15. Most people are unaware of legal aid services58Figure 16. The number of cases filed has increased for Subordinate and Superior Courts since 202060Figure 17. Filed and resolved cases over time by court type61Figure 18. The CCR over the past decade was particularly low for Court of Appeal64Figure 19. The cumulative backlog has moderately decreased in the past two years65Figure 20. Average times to disposition vary widely across High Courts—with some taking almost 5 years67Figure 21. Ease