能源转型的产业政策：关键矿产，关键决策

Critical Minerals,Critical Decisions Industrial Policy for the Energy Transition Technical and statistical report Critical Minerals,Critical Decisions Industrial Policy for the Energy Transition Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the CopyrightClearance Center atcopyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail:publications@un.orgWebsite:https://shop.un.org/ The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. United Nations publication issued bythe United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Acknowledgements This report was prepared, under the overall guidance of Stephanie Blankenburg of the Divisionon Globalization and Development Strategies of UNCTAD, by Piergiuseppe Fortunato and ClovisFreire Junior, with contributions from Rachid Amui, Tansug Ok and Arthur Magro Machado. LuzMaria de la Mora, David Bicchetti, Jeronim Capaldo, Regina Asariotis and Taisuke Ito contributedinsights and comments. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Neha Deopa (University of Exeter, UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) on lithium and rare earth elements, including thecompilation, processing and interpretation of corresponding data. Abbreviations ADBAsian Development BankAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaANMAgência Nacional de Mineração (Brazil)BITsBilateral Investment TreatiesCELACCommunity of Latin American and Caribbean StatesCETM(s)Critical Energy Transition Mineral(s)CodelcoCorporación Nacional del Cobre de ChileCORFOCorporación de Fomento de la Producción (Chile)CPRMServiço Geológico do BrasilDLEDirect Lithium ExtractionDRCDemocratic Republic of the CongoECLACEconomic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanENAMIEmpresa Nacional de Minería (Chile)EPEEmpresa de Pesquisa Energética (Brazil)ESGEnvironmental, social and governanceEUEuropean UnionEV(s)Electric Vehicle(s)FTAsFree Trade AgreementsGATSGeneral Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDPGross Domestic ProductGVC(s)Global value chain(s)HSHarmonized SystemIBRAMInstituto Brasileiro de MineraçãoIEAInternational Energy AgencyLDCsLeast Developed CountriesMFNMost-Favoured-NationMMEMinistério de Minas e Energia (Brazil)OECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPGMsPlatinum-group metalsPNM 2030Plano Nacional de Mineração 2030 (Brazil)R&DResearch and developmentREE(s)Rare Earth Element(s)SCMSubsidies and Countervailing Measures (Agreement)SDGsSustainable Development GoalsSEIASistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Chile)SMEsSmall and medium-sized enterprisesSTEPSStated Policies ScenarioTBTTechnical Barriers to Trade (Agreement)TRIMsTrade-Related Investment MeasuresTVETTechnical and vocational education and trainingUNUnited NationsUN DESAUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNU-WIDERUnited Nations University World Institute for Development Economics ResearchUSUnited StatesUSGSUnited States Geological SurveyWNAWorld Nuclear AssociationWTOWorld Trade Organization Table of contents Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................iiiAbbreviations..............................................................................................................................ivExecutive Summary....................................................................................................................vi I. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 II. Mapping the Geography of Critical Energy Transition Minerals: GlobalProduction, Value Chains and Economic Implications......................................5 2.1The Global Landscape of Critical Energy Transition Minerals.............................................6Demand dynamics.....................................................................................................................62.2Key Distinctive Characteristics of CETMs........................................................................102.3Critical Energy Transition Minerals Value Cha