可持续能源转型的关键矿产：支持代际行动指南

Critical Minerals for the Sustainable Energy TransitionA Guidebook to Support Intergenerational Action This Guidebook is a publication of theResource Management Young Member Group (RMYMG)of the UNECEExpertGrouponResourceManagement under the coordination of Jodi-Ann Wang and Vadim Kuznetsov with the following co-authors: Alisa Reiner,BiancaDeryaNeumann,CarmenJacobs,ConstanzaArayaIbarra,DanielCáceres,DessaJieMadarcos,GabrieleRomeo, Ghadi Sabra, Icoana Laís Leitão Mascarenhas Martins, Jodi-Ann Wang, John Youhanes Magok, JosephTendeukaiKunashe Ndondo, Martin Hillenbrand, Mujeeb Khan, Pratik Lokhande, Vadim Kuznetsov,and WalkerDarke. The reviewers of the Guidebook are Bianca Derya Neumann, Ghadi Sabra, Gyubin Hwang, Arsenii Kirgizov-Barskii. ThisGuidebookwaseditedanddesignedby ArseniiKirgizov-Barskii. Foreword Climate change is a global challenge that requires a significant shift towards low-carbon energy technologies.Cleanenergytransitionscontributetocurbinggreenhousegasemissionsanddecarbonizingourindustrialsystems,keepingthe1.5GoaloftheParisAgreementwithinreach.However,currentclimateandenergypoliciesremain highly resource-intensive: it is expected that by 2040, the demand for critical minerals will increasefourfoldiftheworldisontrack toachievenetzero. This specifically concerns the UNECE region which unites some of the world's key clean energy technologiesmanufacturersandconsumers.Ifmanagedresponsibly,criticalmineralsmightbecomeabackboneofsustainableeconomic growth, benefiting communities both in Europe and globally. On the other hand, if no commonapproachprevails,thereisariskforourclimateambitiontocausemoreenvironmentalpollutionthroughmining,processing,anddisposingof criticalminerals. This challenge reminds us again of the pressing need for international cooperation with intergenerational equityatitscore.Toinformthedebateandenablemeaningfulchange,youngprofessionalsfromtheResourceManagement Young Member Group of the UNECE Expert Group on Resource Management have developed thiscomprehensive Guidebook for intergenerational action. The main idea behind this paper is straightforward: tomakeourenergytransitiontrulycleanandjust,weneedtomakesurethatthewholecriticalmineralsvaluechainfromminingtoprocessingand,eventually,todisposalisenvironmentallysoundandecologicallysustainablewhileembeddingintergenerational equity in resourcemanagement. The Guidebook maps out key challenges associated with sustainable use of critical energy minerals across theirlife cycle and provides actionable recommendations to stakeholders whose engagement is crucial to managecritical mineral resources responsibly. In particular, the Guidebook emphasizes the ways in which the UnitedNationsFramework Classification for Resources(UNFC)andUnitedNations Resource ManagementSystem(UNRMS)couldenableacommonapproachtocriticalmineralsmanagementatatimewhenmultilateralcollaboration is urgently needed, including on a numberof novel aspects such as circular economy in the cleanenergytechnologiessectorandenvironmental regulationofdeep-seamining. Critical minerals are a crucial element underpinning our clean energy transitions. Looking ahead to 2030, thisGuidebook isan important and timely contribution from young experts to the ongoing work at the UN SecretaryGeneral's Working Group on Transforming the Extractive Industries for Sustainable Development and the Panelon Critical Energy Transition Minerals announced atCOP28. It is by joining forces with youth that we can deliveronthis issue andmakeintergenerational actionwork. TatianaMolceanUnited Nations Under-Secretary-GeneralUNECEExecutiveSecretary Contents WhatisEGRMandthe RMYMG?...................................................................................6 Understanding the Global Critical Minerals Lifecycle: Environmental, Social, andEconomicOpportunitiesand ImpactsforSustainableDevelopment.............................10 ExplorationandProjectDevelopment..........................................................................................................................................................11Production:Extraction,Processing,andRefining....................................................................................................................................12SignificanceoftheGeographicConcentrationofMineral SupplyChains......................................................................................13Deep-SeaMining.....................................................................................................................................................................................................15Manufacturing..........................................................................................................................................................................................................16WhatMakesCriticalMinerals“Critical”?.............................................................................................................