推进东盟互联互通：利用卫星技术和创新法规弥合数字鸿沟（英）2026

AdvancingASEAN Connectivity:Harnessing Satellite Technology and InnovativeRegulations toBridge theDigitalDivide The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967. TheMember States of the Association are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam.The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia. Author:Scott Minehane and Simon Molloy, Windsor Place Consulting For inquiries, contact: The ASEAN SecretariatCommunity Relations Division (CRD)70A Jalan SisingamangarajaJakarta 12110IndonesiaPhone: (+62 21) 724-3372, 726-2991Fax: (+62 21) 739-8234, 724-3504E-mail:public@asean.org Advancing ASEAN Connectivity: Harnessing Satellite Technology and Innovative Regulationsto Bridge the Digital DivideJakarta, ASEAN Secretariat,March2026 ISBN xxx ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All Thetext of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted,provided properacknowledgement is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to theCommunity Relations Division (CRD) of the ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta. Cover Photo by Philipp Katzenberger on Unsplash The illustration captures the essence of unity, innovation, and economic progression amongthe ASEAN countries, symbolizing their collaborative spirit and commitment to digital economydevelopment. General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website:www.asean.org Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2026. All rights reserved. Advancing ASEANConnectivity:HarnessingSatelliteTechnology andInnovativeRegulations toBridge theDigitalDivide CONTENTS 2.1Why satellites?............................................................................................................122.2Possible risks to existing GEO and emerging multi-orbit systems..............................162.3The economics of satellite communications...............................................................182.3.1Trade-offs between Satellite and Terrestrial Systems..................................192.3.2Complementary Relationships and Synergies...............................................202.3.3Market dynamics and competitive evolution...............................................202.4Key satellite companies..............................................................................................242.4.1Backhaul/satellite broadband services.........................................................252.4.2Direct-to-device (D2D)..................................................................................282.5Satellite-based business and partnership models......................................................342.5.1Infrastructure provider model......................................................................342.5.2Mobile network operator partnership model..............................................352.5.3Integrated platform model...........................................................................352.5.4Premium consumer integration model–Apple and Globalstar...................362.5.5Distributed partnership model.....................................................................362.6Satellite companies and MNOs: competitive strategies.............................................37 3THE STATE OF ASEAN REMOTE CONNECTIVITY.....................................393.1The ASEAN remote connectivity challenge.................................................................39 3.2Current state of ASEAN remote connectivity..............................................................403.3Satellite use cases for remote connectivity................................................................453.4Satellite use backhaul case study: Malaysia...............................................................484SPECTRUM RELATED TO SATELLITE BROADBAND.................................50 4.1Spectrum used to provide satellite broadband services.............................................50 4.2Spectrum used to provide D2D services.....................................................................504.2.1Use of MSS spectrum for D2D......................................................................514.2.2Use of IMT spectrum for D2D.......................................................................524.3IoT spectrum...............................................................................................................534.4Public safety................................................................................................................544.5Spectrum recommendations......................................................................................545REGULATORY AND LEGAL REVIEW.........................................................55 5.1ASEAN regulatory overview........................................................................................55 6CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................