老年护理需求的变化将如何影响印尼的劳动力？（英）2026

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarilyreflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or thegovernments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency ofthe data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors,omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to theuse of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions setforth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown onany map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bankconcerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptanceof such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitationupon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of whichare specifically reserved. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bankencourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, inwhole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to thiswork is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should beaddressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H StreetNW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. SUGGESTED CITATION Johnson, Hillary C., Daniel Halim, Forest Jarvis, Emcet Oktay Tas, and BagusArya Wirapati. 2025. “How Will Changing Eldercare Needs Impact Indonesia’sWorkforce?” World Bank, Washington, D.C. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the product of a collaborative effort between the World Bank’sSocial Development Department, the East Asia and Pacific Chief EconomistOffice (EAPCE), and the East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab (EAPGIL).It was written by Hillary C. Johnson, Daniel Halim, Forest Jarvis, Emcet OktayTas, and Bagus Arya Wirapati. The team received valuable feedback and suggestions from Wendy Cunningham,Elena Glinskaya, John Giles, Liana Hinch, Aakash Mohpal, Ririn Purnamasari,Asha Williams, Enurlaela Hasanah, Riri Khariroh, and participants of theEAPCE Half-Baked Seminar. The team also thanks the National PlanningMinistry (BAPPENAS), Ministry of Women, and Coordinating Ministry forEconomic Affairs of Indonesia, and the ILO Asia and Pacific Office for theirhelpful inputs. The report was copyedited by Mary Fisk and designed by Naya Studio.The team appreciates the support of Nina Chee (Practice Manager, SocialDevelopment Department), Carolyn Turk (Indonesia & Timor Leste DivisionDirector), and Aaditya Mattoo (East Asia and Pacific Chief Economist). Theteam also recognizes Samuel Clark and Sarah Haddock for their support withdissemination and policy engagement. The team gratefully acknowledges funding support from the World Bank’sUmbrella Facility for Gender Equality (UFGE). UFGE has received generouscontributions from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland,Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UnitedKingdom, the United States, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and theWellspring Philanthropic Fund. The findings in this report do not representthe views of the donors or the countries they represent. Table ofContents Table of ContentsiiList of FiguresiiiList of TablesvExecutive Summary2 Chapter 3:What do aging and eldercare mean forIndonesia’s workforce?44 Introduction12Indonesia’s population is changing,signaling both opportunitiesand challenges13Scope and objectives of this report16Conceptual framework18 3.1What are the labor market trends amongthe elderly?453.2To what extent do elderly contribute tounpaid care work?503.3How does care provided by and forthe elderly influence the labor marketoutcomes of the working age population?52 Chapter 1:What are the eldercare needs in Indonesiaand how are they changing?201.1To what extent might elderly requirenon-financial care?211.2What are financial costs for eldercare?28 Chapter 4:55 Chapter 2:How are eldercare needscurrently met?312.1Who currently supports elderly withtheir daily activities?322.2How are the financial needs of elderlycurrently met?37 References66 List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Executive Summary both limit opportunities for younger workers and enhanceoverall productivity.Given the complex relationshipamong aging, care, and market work, country-specificanalysis is needed to guide policy decisions to minimizethe risks and harness the opportunities of aging forthe workforce. Indonesia’s population is aging, signaling bothchallenges and opportunities for the nation’sworkforce.The old-age dependency ratio the proportionof elderly to the working-age population is expected tomore than double over the next quarter of a century,from 11.0 percent in 2025 to 22.8 percent in 2050. Higherdep