2025年最坏情况住房需求报告：致国会

2025 REPORT TO CONGRESS Worst CaseHousing Needs2025 Report to Congress Foreword The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is pleased to transmit to theU.S. Congress its 20th report on Worst Case Housing Needs. This biennial report provides dataon and analysis of critical problems facing low-income renting families. It primarily draws onresearch from the 2023 American Housing Survey (AHS), which is funded by HUD andconducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. The AHS has taken place every 2 years since 1973, and itremains a vital source of national data on housing markets, conditions, and dynamics. Renter households with worst case housing needs are defined as those with very low incomeswho do not receive government housing assistance and pay more than one-half of their incomestoward rent, those who live in severely inadequate conditions, or both. During the 2019-to-2021period, which covered the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing household growth, increasinginterest rates limiting homeownership, falling incomes, and increases in rent led to a sharpincrease in cases of worst case needs—a record high of 8.53 million cases. Between 2021 and2023, cases of worst case needs remained elevated at 8.46 million households, virtually the sameas the 2019-to-2021 period. One key cause of elevated worst case needs is immigration. Between 2021 and 2024, the foreign-born population of the United States increased by more than 6 million—the largest such increaseover such a short period in American history. The foreign-born population now stands at morethan 53 million individuals, making up the highest share of the American population in history.This immigration-driven increase in households has contributed to a significant increase inhousing demand, thus driving up housing prices. In fact, in some markets, immigration hasaccounted for nearly all of the increase in housing demand in recent years. This year’s report shows two realities. The first is that economic growth has been insufficient tolift the wages of low-income renting families high enough to make rent affordable. The second isthat national macroeconomic policies, such as record immigration, have combined to drivesustained high rental demand, which has continued to place upward pressure on rent prices. As a result, in 2023, only 59 affordable units were available per 100 very low-income renterhouseholds, and only 38 units were available per 100 extremely low-income renter households.Worst case needs were common in every region and metropolitan category across the nation butmost prevalent in the West, the South, and urban suburbs. Finally, because the supply of housing is much less elastic than demand, moderating demandmay be a more effective policy option than very worthwhile efforts to increase supply. We hope that policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and the public will find this reportinformative and compelling. We are eager to move forward with common purpose to addressthis great challenge. John GibbsPrincipal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Office of Policy Development and ResearchU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Contents Executive Summary..........................................................................................viWORSTCASENEEDSREMAINUNCHANGEDFROM THERECORDHIGH OF2021.......................................................................................................................VIIPREVALENCE OFWORSTCASENEEDSACROSSDEMOGRAPHICGROUPS ANDHOUSEHOLDTYPES......................................................................................VIIIDEMOGRAPHIC ANDMARKETFACTORSSHAPE THEPERSISTENTSHORTAGE OFAFFORDABLE ANDAVAILABLERENTALHOUSING........................................IXCONCLUSION.................................................................................................XIIISection 1. Extent and Nature of Worst Case Needs........................................1THEEXTENT OFWORSTCASENEEDS IN2023................................................1INADEQUATEINCOME ANDINADEQUATEHOUSING........................................3PREVALENCE OFWORSTCASENEEDS BYINCOME.........................................5WORSTCASENEEDSPREVALENCEAMONGU.S.HOUSEHOLDS.....................5DEMOGRAPHICS OFWORSTCASENEEDS.......................................................6WORSTCASENEEDS BYRACE ANDETHNICITY..............................................6WORSTCASENEEDS BYHOUSEHOLDTYPE.................................................11HOUSEHOLDSTHATINCLUDEPEOPLEWITHDISABILITIES...........................15OVERCROWDING ANDWORSTCASENEEDS..................................................17SUMMARY.......................................................................................................19Section 2. The State of Affordable Housing...................................................21GEOGRAPHY OFWORSTCASENEEDS...........................................................21WORSTCASENEEDS ANDHOUSINGASSISTANCE BYREGION ANDMETROPOLITA