实现安全且经济实惠的电力行业转型的灵活性（英）2026

© IRENA 2026 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, providedthat appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributedto third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may needto be secured before any use of such material. ISBN:978-92-9260-712-8 Citation:IRENA (2026),Flexibility for a secure and affordable power sector transformation, InternationalRenewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. For further information or to provide feedback:publications@irena.org This report is available for download at:www.irena.org/publications About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countriesin their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation,a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewableenergy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, includingbioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.www.irena.org AcknowledgementsThis report has been developed under the technical guidance of Norela Constantinescu and strategic guidance of Simon Benmarraze (IRENA). This report was authored by Francisco Gafaro, Danial Saleem and Gayathri Nair. The report benefited from the reviews and inputs from IRENA colleagues – Adrian Gonzalez, Bilal Hussain, SaiedDardour, Sean Collins, Yasuhiro Sakuma, Begonia Figueroa and Paul Komor, and, as well as external experts – MarijaMiletić and Gonçalo Terça (European Commission JRC), Mentari Pujantoro (Agora Energiewende), Juha Kiviluoma(consultant IRENA), Dražen Balić ( Energy Institute Hrvoje Poža), and Mehul Patel (Adani Energy Solutions Limitedthrough UNEZA). Editorial co-ordination and production was provided by Francis Field with the support of Stephanie Clarke. Thereport was edited by Justin French-Brooks, with design by Phoenix Design Aid. IRENA is grateful for the voluntary contribution of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan in supportof this work. Disclaimer This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify thereliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party contentproviders provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequenceof use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. The mention of specific companiesor certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similarnature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of anyopinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................. 6EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................ 71.ABOUT THIS BRIEF.............................................................................................................152.THE POWER SECTOR: AT THE CORE OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION..................................... 173.FLEXIBILITY AND GRIDS FOR RELIABLE AND AFFORDABLE ELECTRICITY............................194.THE NEED FOR FLEXIBILITY IN DIFFERENT FORMS AND TIMESCALES..................................215.FLEXIBILITY: PROGRESS TO DATE.......................................................................................256.INCREASING VRE CAPACITY AND GROWING DEMAND FOR FLEXIBILITY.........................317.POWER SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE NEED FOR FLEXIBILITY............................... 368.EXPANDING FLEXIBILITY TO MEET EACH POWER SYSTEM’S CHARACTERISTICS................ 409.MORE FLEXIBILITY: THE WAY FORWARD.............................................................................47REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................49 FIGURES Figure ES1Estimated global flexibility needs in daily, weekly and monthly timescales under IRENA1.5°C Scenario.....................................................................