经合组织2025年技能展望：为所有人建设21世纪的技能

Building theSkills ofthe21st Century forAll OECD Skills Outlook2025 BUILDING THE SKILLS OF THE 21ST CENTURYFOR ALL This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can inno way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. OECD (2025),OECD Skills Outlook 2025: Building the Skills of the 21st Century for All, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/26163cd3-en. ISBN 978-92-64-92977-7 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-50237-6 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-85091-0 (HTML) OECD Skills OutlookISSN 2521-1064 (print)ISSN 2521-1072 (online) Photo credits:Cover © Sarawut Kh/Shutterstock.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword The first quarter of the 21st century has been affected by repeated shocks and ongoing structuraltransformations, includingpandemics and geopoliticaldynamics, demographic shifts and the climate crisis,as well as continuouswaves of technological change. These forces havenot only reshaped economic andsocial systemsand created uncertainty,butthey havealsocompressed the time available forindividuals,firms and governments to adapt.In addition, they have exposed andoftenwidened the gaps in who canbuild, deployand benefit from essential 21st-century skills. The negative consequences of unequal skillsdevelopment extend from individuals to societies,withunderutilised talent resultingin lower economicgrowth. This edition of theOECD Skills Outlookshows thatfactorsbeyond people’s control, suchasgender,parental education and occupation,immigrant background, age,andwhere a persongrows up,arestrongly associated withtheacquisition ofessential 21st-centuryskills, includinginformation-processingskillssuch asliteracy, numeracyandadaptive problem solving, as well associal and emotionalskills. Aperson’scircumstances also shape how these skills translate into opportunities for economicempowermentover the life course. The results of this edition of theOECD SkillsOutlookpoint to a dual imperative: broadeningaccess tohigh-quality learning from early childhood throughtoadulthood and ensuringthat skills are effectivelymatched to productiveand rewarding jobs.Achieving these goals requires agile, data-driven skillsgovernance; integrated strategies that link education, adult learning, labour-market and social policies; andtargeted measures that reduce non-financial barriers to learning while raising the quality and relevance ofprovision. It also calls foreffectivecareer guidance, skills-first hiring,and transparent, portable credentialsthat recognise learning wherever it happens. By considering how public policies can reduce skills disparities, thisOECD SkillsOutlooksets aclear policyagendafor the 21stcentury. When talent is wasted, productivity suffers,andwhen opportunity dependsonindividuals’background, social cohesioniseroded. By inves