投资于流行病预防、准备和应对

Investing in PandemicPrevention, Preparedness,and Response EDITORSSiddhanth SharmaStefano M. BertozziVictoria Y. FanDean T. JamisonOle F. NorheimHitoshi OshitaniMuhammad Ali Pate FOREWORDS BYHelen ClarkGabriel M. Leung Investing in PandemicPrevention, Preparedness,and Response This book, along with any associated content and subsequent updates,can be accessed athttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/43718 DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES • FOURTH EDITION SERIES EDITORS Ole F. NorheimDavid A. WatkinsKalipso ChalkidouVictoria Y. FanMuhammad Ali PateDean T. Jamison VOLUMES IN THE SERIES Country-Led Priority-Setting for HealthInvesting in Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and ResponseInterventions Outside the Health Care SystemUniversal Health Coverage: Priorities and Value for Money VOLUME EDITORS Siddhanth SharmaStefano M. BertozziVictoria Y. FanDean T. JamisonOle F. NorheimHitoshi OshitaniMuhammad Ali Pate Disease Control Priorities This fourth edition ofDisease Control Priorities(DCP4) builds on the first threeeditions, all published by the World Bank. Through collaboration and capacitystrengthening in a select number of low- and middle-income countries,DCP4summarizes, produces, and helps translate economic evidence into betterpriority setting for universal health coverage, public health functions, pandemicpreparedness and response, and intersectoral and international action for health.DCP4aims to be relevant for countries committed to increasing public financing ofuniversal health coverage and other health-improving policies, recognizing the needto set priorities on those countries’ path to achieving the Sustainable DevelopmentGoals and beyond. The project is a collaboration between the World Bank and theUniversity of Bergen, Norway, to develop and co-publishDCP4in four volumes withbroad inputs from individuals and institutions around the world. These plans willlikely evolve in the course of the work. More people live longer and have better lives today compared to any other timein history. The world’s population is aging at a dramatic speed. Improved livingstandards and new technologies are driving this change. However, we live in times ofincreased risks. No country can afford all technologies that are effective at improvinghealth and well-being—and progress is unequal. The COVID-19 (coronavirus)pandemic has emphasized the vulnerability of countries when a threatening newinfection affects life, the health system, work, and the economy. Climate change isanother major challenge. Those already worse off are especially affected, by bothdirect and indirect effects on the health system, the economy, and the environment.During times of crisis, health care providers and policy makers must decide whomto prioritize and which programs to protect, expand, contract, or terminate. These challenges are not unique to pandemics and climate change. Resourceallocation decisions under scarcity are always being made, creating winnersand losers when compared to the status quo. Such decisions may exacerbate orameliorate existing inequities, which are often substantial. These risks are not theonly reminders of the importance and urgency of priority setting in global health; in many low-income countries, the unfinished agenda with respect to infections andmaternal and child mortality competes with increasing needs to prevent and treatchronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mental health. Howshould countries prioritize among infectious diseases, maternal and child healthprograms, and prevention of noncommunicable diseases? How should a healthministry define essential health benefit packages to be financed under universalhealth coverage reforms? Priority setting is key, and we now have the experience andthe tools needed to improve and implement decision support for more efficient andfair resource allocation on the path to better health and well-being for all. Disease Control Prioritiesprovides a periodic review of the most up-to-date evidenceon cost-effective and equitable interventions to address the burden of disease inlow-resource settings. The third edition (DCP3), published by the World BankGroup, included nine volumes laying out a total of 21 essential universal healthcoverage packages and 71 intersectoral policies. Each essential package addressed theconcerns of a major professional community and contained a mix of intersectoralpolicies and health sector interventions. Since then, several countries have used thisevidence and translated it into revised health system priorities. In many countries,experts from the World Health Organization and the World Bank have beensubstantially involved. Key results have been published in a series of high-impactjournal articles.DCP3relied primarily on cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluateinterventions, using benefit-cost analysis in some cases to address the overallimpacts on social welfare. It also introduced a new extended cost-effectivenessanalysis method to acc