绿色技术手册

© WIPO, 2025 / International (CC BY 4.0) Attribution 4.0 The CC license does not apply to non-WIPO content inthis publication. Cover: Getty Images/Iboter, Bilanol, mack2happy WIPO Reference 1080/25-ExSum/EN DOI:10.34667/tind.58951 Executive summary Climate-driven disasters are no longer rare events – they are the new normal. Over the past twodecades, more than 80 percent of recorded disasters have been linked to climate and weatherextremes, with water-related hazards causing nearly half of all disaster-related deaths. Eventsare also increasing in frequency. Fewer than 50 disasters were recorded in 1950, whereastoday the world faces between 300 and 500 climate-related disasters annually. Sea-level rise,urbanization and heat-island effects compound risks, while vulnerable populations in informalsettlements, low-income rural areas and displaced communities bear the harshest impacts. Disasters are increasingly straining traditional response systems, with global economic lossesexceeding USD 2.3 trillion annually when accounting for indirect social and environmentalcosts. Yet financing for disaster risk reduction remains limited. Less than 0.5 percent ofdevelopment spending, and only a small fraction of humanitarian aid, go toward prevention andpreparedness. Global and regional mechanisms, including catastrophe bonds, pooled fundsand forecast-based finance, are emerging to enable rapid, anticipatory response. Nonetheless,coverage remains uneven, particularly in least developed countries, small island states andmarginalized communities. Technology plays a central role in bridging these gaps. Satellites, AI, IoT, drones and cloud-based analytics improve hazard monitoring, early warning and impact assessment, whilemobile networks and applications enhance real-time communication with affected populations.Patent activity in disaster response is growing rapidly, particularly in UAVs (drones), AI-enabledmonitoring, and multi-functional platforms, reflecting a shift toward faster, more integrated anddata-driven solutions. The Sendai Framework underscores the importance of such technologiesacross prevention, preparedness and response, emphasizing equitable access, capacity buildingand inclusive design to ensure that technological advances translate into actual resilience. Stronger storms and rising floods met by next-generation solutions Tropical cyclones, known as hurricanes or typhoons, are intensifying because of climatechange, driven by warmer ocean temperatures and increased atmospheric moisture. While thefrequency of storms may be decreasing, their severity is rising, with major hurricanes becomingmore destructive. For instance, Hurricane Helene (2024) caused 246 deaths in the United States,while Cyclone Freddy (2023) devastated Mozambique and Malawi. Climate change is also slowingstorm movement, prolonging rainfall and flooding. Over the past 50 years, tropical cycloneshave accounted for 38 percent of disaster-related deaths and economic losses globally, withlong-term recovery often spanning decades. Flooding, a major consequence of storms, is exacerbated by glacier melt, urbanization andpoor infrastructure. Over 1.8 billion people face significant flood risk, 90 percent of whom livein low- and middle-income countries. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) threaten 10 millionpeople, a risk projected to triple in High Mountain Asia by 2100. Floods damage infrastructure,contaminate water supplies and disrupt economies, with urban slums particularly vulnerable. Improved weather forecasting, powered by satellites (e.g., NASA’s CYGNSS, ESA’s Sentinel), AIand drones, has reduced hurricane tracking errors from 400 nautical miles in the 1970s to under80 miles today. But, while early warning systems (EWS) save lives, half of countries lack adequatecoverage. The United Nations' Early Warnings for All initiative aims to bridge this gap by 2027. AIenhances EWS by predicting cascading risks (e.g., floods post-storm), but faces challenges suchas data bias and false alarms. As storms and floods become more severe, integrating advanced forecasting, resilientinfrastructure and inclusive early warning is critical. Innovations like AI, IoT and nature-basedsolutions offer scalable protection, but equitable access remains a challenge, particularly invulnerable regions. Collaborative efforts are essential in building global resilience againstescalating climate threats. Landslides countered by innovation Landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes or human activities such asdeforestation. They pose severe risks and cause fatalities, infrastructure damage and long-termeconomic disruption. Climate change is exacerbating the frequency of landslides, particularlyin mountainous and tropical regions. While they are unpredictable, advanced monitoringtechnologies are improving early detection and response. Ground and subsurface sensors(tiltmeters, piezometers and seismic sensors) track slope stability in real time. Sate