未解决的低价值商业纠纷的经济影响（英）

Prepared for the International Chamber ofCommerce 3November2025 1Introduction6 2Framework of commercial disputes82.1Transactions, contract adherence, and commercialdisputes82.2Low-value disputes102.3Resolution mechanisms and their expected costs12 3The consequences of failing to resolve commercialdisputes20 Oxera Consulting LLP is aLimited Liability Partnershipregistered in England no.OC392464, registered office:Park Central, 40/41 Park EndStreet, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK,with an additional office inLondon located at 200Aldersgate, 14th Floor, London,EC1A4HD, UK; in Belgium, no.0651 990 151, branch office:Spectrum, BoulevardBischoffsheim 12–21, 1000Brussels, Belgium; and in Italy,REA no. RM-1530473, branchoffice: Rome located at Viadelle Quattro Fontane 15,00187, Rome, Italy, with anadditionaloffice in Milanlocated at PiazzaleBiancamano 8, 20121 Milan,Italy; and in Spain, CIFW0306516F, branch office:LOOM Azca, Plaza Pablo RuizPicasso 11, Planta 1, 28020Madrid, Spain. 3.1Primary business impacts21 3.2Secondary impacts27 4Conclusion36 Figures and TablesFigure1.1Framework for assessing the impact ofunresolved commercial disputes on businesses,markets and economies5Figure2.1Section overview8Box2.1The importance of contract adherence indifferent types of transactions9Box 2.2Monetary thresholds of low-value disputes11Figure2.2Continuum of dispute resolution mechanisms13Box2.3Escalating resolution mechanisms in Singapore14Box2.2ADR costs17Box 2.5Court litigation costs18Figure3.1Framework for assessing the impact ofunresolved commercial disputes on businesses,markets and economies20Figure3.2Summary of primary business impacts21Box3.1Developing country SMEs' vulnerability tocommercial disputes21Box 3.2Reluctance to escalate commercial disputes inVietnam24Box 3.3Costs to businesses involved in commercialdisputes: case study from India26Figure3.3Summary of secondary impacts on markets andeconomies28Figure3.4Impact of an environment of unresolvedcommercial disputes on investment28Figure3.5Impact of an environment of unresolvedcommercial disputes on credit and financialmarkets31 Although every effort has beenmade to ensure the accuracyof the material and theintegrity of the analysispresented herein, Oxeraaccepts no liability for anyactions taken on the basis ofits contents. With regard to ourservices to you, in the absenceof any other signed agreementbetween you and us, you agreeto be bound by our standardTerms of Engagement, whichcan be foundhttps://www.oxera.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ToE-UK-en-GB.pdf. No Oxera entity is eitherauthorised or regulated by anyFinancial Authority orRegulation within any of thecountrieswithin which itoperates or provides services.Anyone considering a specificinvestment should consulttheir own broker or otherinvestment adviser. Oxeraaccepts no liability for anyspecific investment decision,which must be at the investor’sown risk. 2© Oxera 2025. All rightsreserved. Except for thequotation of short passagesfor the purposes of criticism orreview, no part may be used orreproduced withoutpermission. Impact of an environment of unresolvedcommercial disputes on market structure andbarriers to entry33Weak contract adherence may reduce visibledisputes while increasing hidden economiccosts34 Figure3.6 Box 3.4 Foreword from JohnDenton AO, SecretaryGeneral of the International Chamber ofCommerce Every day, millions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) powerthe globaleconomy—driving trade, innovation, and opportunity. Yetwhen commercial relationships falter, too many of these businesses hita wall. For an SME, the cost of pursuing justice often outweighs thevalue of the claim itself. Instead of seeking redress, theywalk away—quietly absorbing losses that weaken their own prospectsandtheeconomies that depend on them. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is proud toonce againpartner with Oxera to shine a light on this overlooked barrier to growth.This study provides the first comprehensive framework linkingunresolved low-value commercial disputes to a wider drag on economicperformance. Its message is unambiguous—when small firms cannotenforce their contracts, the ripple effects extend far beyond thecourtroom,eroding trust, constraining investment and suppressingproductivity. At ICC, our mission is clear: to make business work for everyone, everyday, everywhere. Exposing the hidden costs of inaccessible justice ispart of that effort. By quantifying the economic toll of unresolveddisputes, this report calls for concrete action to close the justice gapfor SMEs and to build a trading system that works for all participants—not just those with deep pockets. Ensuring that SMEs haveaccess to effective dispute resolutionis one ofthe most direct ways to unlock growth. Itwouldstrengthen supplychains, attract investment to developing marketsand fuel innovationworldwide.With 65 million businesses in developing countries facing aUS$5.2 trillion financing gap, reducing friction in dispute