正北：绿色网络演进指南

The GSMA is a global organisation unifying the mobileecosystem to discover, develop and deliver innovationfoundational to positive business environments and societalchange. Our vision is to unlock the full power of connectivityso that people, industry and society thrive. Representingmobile operators and organisations across the mobileecosystem and adjacent industries, the GSMA delivers forits members across three broad pillars: Connectivity for GSMA Intelligence is the definitive source of global mobileoperator data, analysis and forecasts, and publisher ofauthoritative industry reports and research. Our data coversevery operator group, network and MVNO in every countryworldwide – from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. It is the most GSMA Intelligence is relied on by leading operators,vendors, regulators, financial institutions and third-partyindustry players, to support strategic decision-makingand long-term investment planning. The data is used as We invite you to find out more atgsma.com Our team of analysts and experts produce regular thought-leading research reports across a range of industry topics. Follow the GSMA:@GSMA gsmaintelligence.com info@gsmaintelligence.com Published December 2024 Authors Tim Hatt, Head of Research and Consulting This report was produced with the support of the following telecoms operator and vendor partners. Contents 1The shift to green business models 1.1Environmental and business rationale1.2Renewable use: a mixed picture 2Sector progress so far2.1Efficiency slowly improving, but uneven progress 3A green measurement framework 3.1Defining a green network3.2The challenges of creating a green network framework 4How to measure green networks 4.1Framework metrics and reporting4.2The Green Network Index proposition 5Outlook and implications 17 The shift to green The complexity of reorienting network strategy around sustainability means aclear framework is key for prioritising when and where actions should be taken.This report outlines such a framework, offering telecoms operators and their 1.1 Environmental and business rationale The rationale for telecoms operators to move to green business models isanchored in environmental and business logic. On the environmental side, theshift to green models supports the transition to net zero. Most nations (andtherefore corporations) are targeting net zero by 2050, in line with the ParisAccord. The telecoms sector is a leader in this respect; around half of operators of energy use worldwide. See Table 1. This equates toaround 115 megatonnes of carbon, which represents alower share of the global total (0.3%) than for energy Net-zero commitments based on a 2050 timelineimply CO2reductions of 50% in each of the next three decades. The 2020s is the most difficult, as the carbonload to reduce is the largest. Looking at energy useby telecoms operators in total, GSMA Intelligence Table 1 1.2 Renewable use: a mixed picture Shifting energy consumption in favour of renewablescontinues to be a priority for the telecoms sector, asit is for the broader economy. Figure 1 shows a mixedpicture so far. Renewables still account for a minority The industry average of 20% is heavily driven byEuropean operators, who often claim 80–90% of theirpower from solar and wind. Africa, India and large Figure 1 Sector progressso far 2.1 Efficiency slowly improving, but uneven progress It is well recognised that holistic strategies are needed to improve energyefficiency at all levels of the telecoms network stack. Progress has generallybeen positive so far in terms of the sector average, but it is mixed at the regional Energy splits(grid versus renewables The distribution of powerin different parts of thenetwork (radio versus Energy efficiency According to the GSMA Intelligence Telco EnergyBenchmark study, the average power yield per unitof data traffic was around 0.15 kWh per GB in 2023(see Figure 2). It costs a typical operator 0.15 kWh ofenergy to distribute 1 GB of data across the network.This has been trending downwards, from 0.17 in 2022 4G users) and growing levels of digitisation underpindemand for more power in the RAN and data centres.Offsets from more efficient equipment are thereforeurgent. For fixed lines, there is an energy dividend The rate of improvement for energy efficiency isslowing. More importantly, progress is uneven acrossdifferent regions. In Africa, for example, the averagepower yield – measured as kWh per GB – is aroundtwice the global average, on account of the continuedoperation of 3G networks and the use of diesel for Subscribers are moving to 4G and 5G, with the latternow accounting for around 25% of the global mobileconnections base. The percentage is much higher invanguard countries such as South Korea, China and Figure 2 There is a similar geographic pattern in the splitsfor energy use. On average, the 20% of telco energyuse that renewables account for is heavily drivenby vanguard operators in Europe a