葡萄和葡萄酒生产中水足迹计算方法综述

AUTHORS Cornelis van Leeuwen (FR)Graziella Benedetto (IT)Mario de la Fuente (ES)António Graça (PT)Peter Hayes (AU)Stefanos Koundouras (GR)Pablo Resco (ES)Hans Reiner Schultz (DE)Carla Aruani (AR)Benjamin Bois (FR)Mirela Gabriela Heizer (RO)Andrea Pitacco (IT)Gonzaga Santesteban (ES)Fernando Santos Alves (PT)Marco Tonni (IT) COORDINATORS Jean-Claude Ruf, OIV Scientific DirectorEnrico Battiston, OIV Viticulture Head of UnitJean-François Tellier, OIV Viticulture Intern DISCLAIMER OIV collective expertise documents are not submitted to theStep Procedure for Examining Resolutions and can under nocircumstances be treated as OIV resolutions. Only resolutionsadopted by the Member States of the OIV have an official character.This document has been drafted by the Viticulture Commission’s“Sustainable Development and Climate Change” (SUSTAIN) Groupand revised by the OIV Editorial Committee. © OIV publications, 1stEdition: September 2025 (Dijon, France)ISBN 978-2-85038-116-4OIV - International Organisation of Vine and WineHôtel Bouchu dit d’Esterno 1, Rue MongeF-21000 Dijon - France www.oiv.intE-mail: viti@oiv.int This document, drafted and developed on the initiative of the OIV,is a collective expert report. Table of contents 1. Scope42. Introduction53. Definition of WF74. How to calculate the WF95. Examples of WF studies applied to vitivincultural production116. Strengths and limits of the published methodologies for WF calculations167. References cited198. Complimentary literature26 1|Scope This document is a collective expert review initiated by the OIV andprepared by the "Sustainable Development and Climate Change" Groupof the Viticulture Commission. Its purpose is to provide an overviewof the existing methodologies used to calculate the Water Footprint(WF)in grape and wine production.It examines the theoreticalfoundations, practical applications, strengths, and limitations of eachmethodology within viticultural contexts. The terminology, definitions,and methodological references used here are intended solely for thepurposes of this review and do not imply endorsement or standardisationbeyond the scope of this document. Furthermore, this document doesnot constitute a regulatory instrument and should not interpretedas representing the official position of the OIV or its Member States.It should also be emphasised that the primary objective of this initialdocument is to raise awareness on the topic and to offer a preliminaryframework, derived from the exploratory survey conducted, which cansupport more detailed and in-depth investigations in future work. Itdoes not aim to identify the most suitable methodology for calculatingthe water footprint (WF) in viticulture. 2|Introduction Based on previous OIV resolutions (VITI 5/98; VITI 1/99; VITI 2/2003and VITI 641-2020), there is a need to define good water managementpracticesandtoprovideamethodologyforcalculatingthewaterfootprint(WF) in vineyards, in accordance with the sustainability principles setout in these resolutions. Several approaches exist for calculating the WFin agricultural production. The objective of this document is to reviewthese methodologies and provide guidelines on how they can be used toassess water footprint in grape and wine production. Agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, is by far the largestsector in terms of consumptive water use and water extraction (FAO2020). Overexploitation of water resources can lead to changes inthe quantity and quality of soil and water reserves, or in downstreamriverdischarges.Production practices both consume water anddegrade water quality (Viers et al., 2013). Wine production, throughgrape growing and winemaking operations, uses roughly 1000 litres ofwater for each 1 litre of wine produced, including rainwater (Hoekstraand Chapagain, 2007; Hoekstra et al., 2011). The term “water footprint” was coined in response to growing concernabout the need to assess water consumption in the production ofgoods and services. The concept was developed by Hoekstra andother researchers, who created a model for its calculation. This modelwas first presented during a meeting held at IHE (Institute for WaterEducation of UNESCO)¹. Since then, several global institutions havelaunched different programmes focused on water management: IHE,which continues to be a major player in the field of water educationand research; WWC (World Water Council)², which advocates forbetter water governance globally; and the Water & Ocean GovernanceProgramme (WOGP)³ of the UNDP (United Nations DevelopmentProgramme), which focuses on sustainable water and ocean governanceas part of its broader environmental and energy work. In addition to these institutions, recent initiatives by the FAO (Foodand Agriculture Organization), UNEP (United Nations EnvironmentProgramme), and the World Bank have focused on water resourcemanagement, especially in the context of agriculture and industrialproduction. For example, the FAO (2020) report delves int