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Bay AreaMedium- andHeavy-DutyVehicleElectrificationRoadmap Authors and Acknowledgments Authors Additional Contributors RMI Lawrence BerkleyNational Laboratory •Gabriella Broga•Lynn Daniels,formertechnical product director•Pranav Lakhina•Nick Pesta•Nocona Sanders•Fatameh Shahsavari, formersenior data scientist •Xianzhong Ding, LawrenceBerkley National Laboratory•Edward J. Klock-McCook, RMI•Matt Miccioli, RMI•Ben Petro, former RMI intern•Ben Shapiro, RMI •Wanshi Hong•Bin Wang Authors and contributors listed alphabetically. All are from RMI unless otherwise noted. Contacts Nick Pesta,npesta@rmi.orgE. J. Klock McCook,ekmccook@rmi.org Copyrights and Citation Gabriella Broga, Lynn Daniels, Pranav Lakhina, Nick Pesta, Nocona Sanders, and Fatameh Shahsavari,BayArea Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Electrification Roadmap, RMI, 2025,https://rmi.org/insight/bay-area-medium-and-heavy-duty-vehicle-electrification-roadmap. RMI values collaboration and aims to accelerate the energy transition through sharing knowledge andinsights. We therefore allow interested parties to reference, share, and cite our work through the CreativeCommons CC BY-SA 4.0 license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. All images used are from iStock.com unless otherwise noted. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank experts from the following organizations who served on the study’sadvisory committee, for their insights and feedback: •NextEra Energy•Pacific Gas and Electric•Port of Oakland•Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD)•San Francisco Environment Department•TeraWatt•Voltera•WattEV•West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project •Ava Community Energy•Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD)•Caltrans•East Bay Clean Cities Coalition•EV Realty•Forum Mobility•Greenlane•Harbor Trucking Association•Metropolitan Transportation Commission About RMI Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) is an independent, nonpartisan nonprofit founded in 1982 that transformsglobal energy systems through market-driven solutions to secure a prosperous, resilient, clean energyfuture for all. In collaboration with businesses, policymakers, funders, communities, and other partners,RMI drives investment to scale clean energy solutions, reduce energy waste, and boost access toaffordable clean energy in ways that enhance security, strengthen the economy, and improve people’slivelihoods. RMI is active in over 50 countries. Table of Contents Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Analytical Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Overarching methodology framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11RTD and drayage results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Long-haul analysis results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Aggregated load curves and utility investment analysis results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .27 Key solution areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Creating mechanisms to develop, scale, and operate required charging infrastructure.28Action items and roadmap for stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .31 Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .32 Appendix A: Detailed methodology for regional and drayage analysis. . . . . . . . . . . .32Appendix B: Detailed methodology for long-haul analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Appendix C: Detailed methodology for utility investment analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Executive Summary Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs) are an integral part of California’s freight ecosystem, whichmoves around 1.4 billion tons of goods worth $2.8 trillion annually, the second highest among all US states.The San Francisco Bay Area holds particular prominence in these freight flows. The region is a key demandcenter, has the eighth largest container port in the country (the Port of Oakland), and is proximate to severalkey freight corridors (including Interstate 80 [I-80], I-580, I-680, I-880, and US-101). Although trucks are critical for economic growth and meeting business and customer needs, their relianceon diesel fuel has serious environmental consequences. Trucks in California represent only 6% of thetotal vehicles on the road but contribute to more than 25% of climate pollution and 35% of nitrogen oxideemissions from the transportation sector in the state. These emissions are often concentrated in communitiesnear industrial and commercial hubs and create heal