糖尿病管理卫生技术的可用性、价格和可负担性

Availability, price andaffordability of healthtechnologies for themanagement of diabetes Availability, price and affordability of health technologies for the management of diabetes ISBN 978-92-4-010932-2 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-010933-9 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGOlicence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided thework is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorsesany specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then youmust license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the WorldHealth Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original Englishedition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules ofthe World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Availability, price and affordability of health technologies for the management of diabetes. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2025. Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submitrequests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figuresor images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission fromthe copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work restssolely with the user. Generaldisclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Dottedanddashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted,the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, thepublished material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for theinterpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Cover photo credits: Top photo - Nurse Judah checks the blood pressure of 67-year-old Makandirasha at her homestead.Mashoko, Masvingo, Zimbabwe, 2024© WHO/Tafadzwa Ufumeli.Bottom photo - Blood sugar screening, National Hospital, Apia, Samoa, 2015 © WHO/Yoshi Shimizu Design and layout of the document by Genève Design Acknowledgements_____________________________________vi Abbreviations__________________________________________vii Executive summary____________________________________viii 1.Introduction1 2.Methods4 2.1Scoping review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62.2Price compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62.3Online Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3. Results8 3.1Scoping review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93.1.1Scoping review – Challenges and barriers to access to medical devices for themanagement of diabetes.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..93.1.2Scoping review – Availability of medical devices for the management of diabetes...123.1.3Scoping review – Price of BGMs.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..