2025全球临界点报告

Edited by This work is published under a Creative Commons Open Access licenceCC-BY-SA 4.0 which enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, andbuild upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attributionis given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use. If youremix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modifiedmaterial under identical terms. To view a copy of this licence, visit:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en Timothy M. Lenton:Report lead: Global Systems Institute (GSI), University of Exeter, UK; Earth Commission Manjana Milkoreit: Section 1 lead: Department of Sociology and Human Geography,University of Oslo, Norway; GSI, University of Exeter, UK All versions of this work may contain content reproduced under licencefrom third parties. Permission to reproduce this third-party contentmust be obtained from these third-parties directly. Simon Willcock:Section 1 lead: School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, UK; Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research,UK Disclaimer: The views expressed throughout the report are those of the authorsand their individual capacities, not those of their employers,institutions or the report’s funders. All liability with respect to actionstaken or not taken based on the content of this report is herebyexpressly disclaimed. The content of this report is provided ‘as is’- norepresentations are made that the content is error-free. Jesse F. Abrams: Section 2 lead: GSI, University of Exeter, UK; Earth Commission David I. Armstrong McKay:Section 2 lead: School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, UK;Stockholm Resilience Centre (SRC), Stockholm University, Sweden Suggested full report citation:Lenton, T. M., Milkoreit, M., Willcock, S., Abrams, J.F., Armstrong McKay, D.I., Buxton, J.E., Donges, J.F., Loriani, S., Wunderling, N.,Alkemade, F., Barrett, M., Constantino, S., Powell, T., Smith, S.R.,Boulton, C. A., Pinho, P., Dijkstra, H.A. Pearce-Kelly, P., Roman-Cuesta, R.M., Dennis, D. (eds), 2025, The Global Tipping Points Report2025. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. ©The Global Tipping PointsReport 2025, University of Exeter, UK. Section 2 lead: GSI, University of Exeter, UK, Earth Commission Jonathan F. Donges:Section 2 lead: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Germany; Stockholm University, Sweden; Department IntegrativeEarth System Science, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology,Germany Sina Loriani:Section 2 lead: PIK, Germany; Member of the Leibniz Association, Germany; Earth Commission Nico Wunderling:Section 2 lead: Center for Critical Computational Studies (C3S), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany; PIK, Member of the LeibnizAssociation, Germany; Senckenberg Research Institute and NaturalHistory Museum, Germany. Floor Alkemade: Section 3 lead: Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands Mike Barrett:Section 3 lead: WWF-UK Sara Constantino:Section 3 lead: Stanford University, USA Tom Powell:Section 3 lead: GSI, University of Exeter, UK Steven R. Smith:Section 3 lead: Green Futures Solutions and GSI, University of Exeter, UK; World Economic Forum, Geneva; Centre for the Understanding ofSustainable Prosperity, University of Surrey, UK Chris A. Boulton:Section 4 lead: GSI, University of Exeter, UK Donovan Dennis:Section 4 lead: PIK and Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology,Germany Henk Dijkstra:Section 4 lead: Utrecht University, Netherlands Paul Pearce-Kelly:Section 4 lead: Zoological Society of London, UK Patricia Pinho:Section 4 lead: The Amazon Environmental Research Institute, Brazil Rosa M. Roman-Cuesta:Section 4 lead: European Commission, Joint Research Center, Italy;Technical University Munich, Germany Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the people, and institutions who have contributed to the Global Tipping PointsReport 2025. 160 authors from 87 institutions in 23 countries have offered their knowledge, time andcommitment to engage in researching, discussing and writing on the topics covered in this report. Withoutthem, it would not be what it is today and for this we wish to express our profound gratitude and respect.Professor Timothy M. Lenton, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, inspiringly led this ambitiousreport, holding the team together, providing expert feedback and championing the aims, key messages andrecommendations. Section coordinating authors Manjana Milkoreit; Simon Willcock; Jesse F. Abrams; DavidI. Armstrong McKay; Joshua E. Buxton; Jonathan F. Donges; Sina Loriani; Nico Wunderling; Floor Alkemade;Mike Barrett; Sara Constantino; Tom Powell; Steven R. Smith; Chris A. Boulton; Donovan Dennis; HenkDijstra; Paul Pearce-Kelly; Patricia Pinho and Rosa M. Roman-Cuesta, have shown immense determinationand drive in producing, editing and co-ordinating each section. For this we are eternally grateful. This reportwas reliant on extensive author engagement, therefore we thank all the c