促进服务不足市场细分领域的数字金融服务（dfs）应用：来自刚果民主共和国、印度尼西亚和肯尼亚的见解

GSMA Mobile Money The GSMA is a global organisation unifying the mobileecosystem to discover, develop and deliver innovationfoundational to positive business environments and societalchange. Our vision is to unlock the full power of connectivityso that people, industry, and society thrive. The GSMA’s Mobile Money programme works to acceleratethe development of the mobile money ecosystem for theunderserved. For more information, please contact us: www.gsma.com/mobilemoney Representing mobile operators and organisations across themobile ecosystem and adjacent industries, the GSMA deliversfor its members across three broad pillars: Connectivity forGood, Industry Services and Solutions, and Outreach. Thisactivity includes advancing policy, tackling today’s biggestsocietal challenges, underpinning the technology andinteroperability that make mobile work, and providing theworld’s largest platform to convene the mobile ecosystem atthe MWC and M360 series of events. mobilemoney@gsma.com Visais a world leader in digital payments, facilitatingtransactions between consumers, merchants, financialinstitutions, and government entities across more than 200countries and territories. The “Digital Finance for All” (DFA)initiative, a Visa-funded partnership between Visa and theGSMA Mobile for Development Foundation, is committed toadvancing sustainable growth. The DFA programme aims toenable individuals and small and micro businesses (SMBs) inlow and middle-income countries (LMICs) with digital financialservices and financial education to bolster financial inclusion. We invite you to find out more atwww.gsma.com Follow the GSMA on X:@GSMA Authors Kenechi Okeleke,Senior Director, GSMA IntelligencePanos Loukos,Director, Financial Inclusion, GSMA Mobile for DevelopmentSayali Borole,Senior Analyst, GSMA Intelligence © 2025 – GSMA Contents Executive summary07 1.1The role of mobile technology in the DFS ecosystem131.2The contribution of DFS to broader digitalisation efforts141.3Status of DFS adoption161.4Understanding the factors influencing DFS adoption17 02Overview of the DFS landscape in the DRC, Indonesia and Kenya192.1Democratic Republic of the Congo202.2Indonesia262.3Kenya33 03Evaluating the factors influencing DFS adoption amongunderserved groups in the DRC, Indonesia and Kenya393.1Democratic Republic of the Congo413.2Indonesia463.3Kenya51 04Opportunities for stakeholder interventions on DFS adoptionand usage56 Executive summary Digital transformation has broadened the scope and reach of financialactivities and products, with the implementation of digital financialservices (DFS) lowering barriers to entry for new providers andenhancing access to financial services for billions worldwide. Among key mobile-enabled DFS, mobile money hasimpacted individuals and facilitated the digitalisation ofbusinesses, including NMSEs, in countries where it isavailable. Mobile money began as a P2P money transferservice and has developed to include various financialproducts and activities for individuals and NMSEs.Meanwhile, multiple mobile money providers (MMPs)have collaborated with global payments companiessuch as Visa to extend formal financial services totheir customers, including those outside the traditionalbanking system, enabling their participation in theglobal economy in an inclusive and sustainable manner. Today, DFS products sit on a complexity scale,ranging from basic products that are simple, widelyavailable, and designed for basic use cases like peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions and digital payments, tointermediate products, such as lending and onlinebanking, to advanced products that use technologieslike artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and bigdata to provide complex financial solutions, suchas decentralised financial platforms and wealthmanagement systems. DFS extend financial services to unbankedindividuals and nano, micro, and smallenterprises (NMSEs), particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) wheremany people lack access to traditionalbanking services. In 2024, there were 2.1 billion registeredmobile money accounts worldwide,representing a 14% increase from 2023. Despite significant progress, there remains a gap inthe adoption of DFS and formal financial services.Individuals and NMSEs that do not have access toDFS and other financial services cannot participatein the digital economy and will miss opportunitiesto improve their financial health. The widereconomy also does not benefit from the potentialsocioeconomic advantages of DFS, includingincreased economic output and empowerment forvulnerable individuals and NMSEs. According to theWorld Bank, around 1.4 billion people globally remainunbanked. Most of these individuals are in LMICsand are more commonly women, less educatedindividuals, and those living in rural areas. The World Bank Global Findex database indicatesthat the share of adults worldwide with a financialaccount increased from 51% in 2011 to 76% in 2021,primarily dr