提升非洲价值链：矿产、材料与制造业

Minerals, materials and manufacturing INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAMembercountries: IEAAssociationcountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract This report explores key opportunities for African countries to step up the valuechainin the growing global market for energy technologies,identifyingopportunities beyond a role centred around extraction and mining to one morefocusedon mineral beneficiation,material production and technologymanufacturing. These opportunities would enable Africa to retain a greater shareof the economic value generated across energy technology supply chains, andwouldsimultaneously contribute to global efforts to enhance supply chaindiversification and resilience. The economic benefits of the new energy economy are currently distributed veryunevenly. Emerging markets and developing economies other than China accountfor less than 5% of the value generated from producing key energy technologiestoday. In Africa, there are currently only a small number of facilities dedicated tothe beneficiation and processing of critical minerals and resources essential forenergy technologies and materials, and only a handful of plants for manufacturingsuch technologies. In light of this, the government of South Africa requested thatthe IEA provide insights into potential opportunities for sustainable industrialisationin Africa to inform discussions at the G20 meetings in Johannesburg in 2025. Thisreport explores selected elements of these opportunities and presents strategicconsiderationsfor countries seeking to diversify and expand their energytechnology manufacturing sectors, which have particular relevance for the G20. Acknowledgements This study was prepared by the Energy Technology Policy (ETP) Division of theDirectorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks (STO) in co-operation withother divisions and offices of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The studywas designed and directed by Timur Gül, IEA Chief Energy Technology Officer.Peter Levi co-ordinated the analysis and the production of the report. The main authors were (in alphabetical order): Amrita Dasgupta (lead on criticalminerals), Gyubin Hwang (critical minerals beneficiation), Jack Jaensch (lead onenergy-intensive commodities), Agrata Verma (lead on clean energy technologymanufacturing). Other key contributors included Alexandra Hegarty, Clara Klint,Nicolas Moinier and Joyce Raboca. Lizzie Sayer edited the manuscript. Thanksalso to the IEA Communications and Digital Office for their help,particularly to Poeli Bojorquez, Astrid Dumond and Isabelle Nonain-Semelin. Valuable comments and feedback were provided by other colleagues within theIEA, in particular Sylvia Beyer, Laura Cozzi, Dan Dorner, Tim Gould and Tae-YoonKim. This report has been prepared by the IEA as an input to the Energy TransitionWorking Group and Ministerial discussions held under South Africa’s 2025 G20Presidency. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance ofthe IEA Clean Energy Transitions Programme. Table of contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................6Introduction...........................................................................................................................10Energy technology supply chains in context.....................................................................12New technology supply chains are being built out...............................................................12Geographic concentration poses risks to security, resilience and equity.............................15Sustainable industrialisation opportunities .......................................................................18Critical minerals beneficiation..............................................................................................18Production of low-emission