服务贸易与发展政策数据入门

© 2025, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Acknowledgements This report was prepared, under the overall guidance of Luz Maria de la Mora, Director ofthe UNCTAD Division on International Trade and Commodities, and the supervision of MihoShirotori, by a team comprising Dong Wu, Katalin Bokor, Peter Lunenborg and Bruno Antunes.Alexander Blackburn, Sanja Blazevic, Anu Peltola, Daniel Ker and Graham Mott provided valuableinputs and feedback. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Ingo Borchert, Professor of Economicsat the University of Sussex, and Eugenia Go, independent consultant, as well as inputs andfeedback from Carlotta Schuster (Economic Commission for Africa, United Nations). The report benefited from consultations with members of the UNCTAD informal working groupon data for services, trade and development policies, and participants at an open consultationon the report, held in February 2025. UNCTAD further gratefully acknowledges comments and feedback on the draft from thefollowing: Agne Bikauskaite (Eurostat), Christian Volpe (Inter-American Development Bank),Joaquim Guilhoto, Patrick Quill, Bedri Zymeri (International Monetary Fund), David Brackfield,Mattia Cai, Matteo Fiorini, Frederic Gonzales, Laura Kuusela, Antonella Liberatore, SebastienMiroudot (OECD), Sébastien C. Dessus, Roberto Echandi (World Bank), Alexis Grimm (UnitedStates of America, Bureau of Economic Analysis) and Tamara Gurevich (United States of America,International Trade Commission), as well as Nicolette Cattaneo, Hildegunn Kyvik Nordas,Socrates Majune, and Yan Zhang. Laura Moresino-Borini (UNCTAD) undertook desktop publishing of the report, with assistancefrom Minyang Bai and Ana Maria Morales Fernandez (interns). UNCTAD extends its appreciation to China for the financial support provided. Abbreviations and acronyms BaTISBalanced Trade in Services datasetBEABureau of Economic AnalysisBOPbalance of paymentsBPM6Sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International InvestmentPositionManualBPM7Seventh edition of the Balance of Payments and International InvestmentPosition ManualC-TiSMoSChina Trade in Services by Mode of SupplyCPCCentral Product ClassificationDIPDigital Intermediation PlatformsEBOPSextended balance of payments services classificationFATSforeign affiliates statisticsFDIforeign direct investmentGATSGeneral Agreement on Trade in ServicesICTsinformation and communications technologiesIMFInternational Monetary FundISICInternational Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic ActivitiesITCInternational Trade CentreITPD-EInternational Trade and Production Database for EstimationLDCsleast developed countriesMNEmultinational enterpriseMOFAmajority-owned foreign affiliateMSITSManual on Statistics of International Trade in ServicesNACENomenclature statistique des actiivités économiquesNAICSNorth American Industry Classification Systemn.i.e.not included elsewhereNSOnational statistical officeOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentSNASystem of National AccountsSTPDServices Trade Policy DatabaseSTRIservices trade restrictions indexTiStrade in servicesTISMOSTrade in Services by Mode of Supply datasetTiVAtrade in value addedUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionUSITCUnited States International Trade CommissionWBESWorld Bank Enterprise SurveysWTOWorld Trade Organisation Table of contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................... iiiAbbreviations and acronyms............................................................................................. ivObjective and rationale..................................................................................................... vii Chapter I. Measuring international trade in services............................... 1 A.Conceptual underpinnings................................................................................... 31.What are services: Definitions......................................................................... 32.How services are traded internationally: Modes of supply................................ 43.How services are classified in trade statistics.................................................. 54.Digitally deliverable services: Concept and measurement................................ 6B.Indirect services trade............................................................