改革阿拉伯地区的能源补贴

NN O TO T EE SS Reforming Energy Subsidies in the Arab Region Jeong Dae Lee, Jarin Nashin, Bilal Tabti, and Haytem Troug ©2025 International Monetary Fund Reforming Energy Subsidies in the Arab Region NOTE/2025/003 Jeong Dae Lee, Jarin Nashin, Bilal Tabti, and Haytem Troug* Cataloging-in-Publication DataIMF Library Names: Lee, Jeong Dae, author. | Nashin, Jarin, author. | Tabti, Bilal, author. | Troug, Haytem, author. |International Monetary Fund, publisher.Title: Reforming energy subsidies in the Arab region / Jeong Dae Lee, Jarin Nashin, Bilal Tabti, and Haytem Troug.Other titles: IMF Note. Description: Washington, DC : International Monetary Fund, 2025. | Oct. 2025. | NOTE/2025/003. |Includes bibliographical references.Identifiers: ISBN: 9798229027267 Subjects: LCSH: Energy policy—Arab countries. | Energy tax—Arab countries. | Taxation—Law andlegislation—Arab countries. Classification: LCC HD9502.A673 L4 2025 DISCLAIMER: The IMF Notes Series aims to quickly disseminate succinct IMF analysis on criticaleconomic issues to member countries and the broader policy community. The views expressed in IMFNotes are those of the author(s), although they do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, or itsExecutive Board, or its management. RECOMMENDED CITATION: Lee, Jeong Dae, Jarin Nashin, Bilal Tabti, and Haytem Troug. 2025.“Reforming Energy Subsidies in the Arab Region.” IMF Note 2025/001, International Monetary Fund,Washington, DC. Publication orders may be placed online, by fax, or through the mail:International Monetary Fund, Publications ServicesP.O. Box 92780, Washington, DC 20090, USATel.: (202) 623-7430 Fax: (202) 623-7201E-mail: publications@imf.orgbookstore.IMF.orgelibrary.IMF.org This note was produced under the guidance of Brett Rayner, and with contributions from William Gbohoui. Contents Reforming Energy Subsidies in the Arab Region ......................................................................... 1Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... 1The Costs of Energy Subsidies—A Fiscal, Social, and Environmental Burden........................... 2Recent Reforms—Some Progress in Reducing Subsidy Dependence ....................................... 6Reform Design to Maximize Success .......................................................................................... 8Complementary Actions to Support Flexible Reform................................................................. 12Structural Reforms to Promote an Efficient Allocation of Resources ..................................12Reforming State-Owned Enterprises..................................................................................12Communication and Accountability ....................................................................................12Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................. 13Annex 1. Cross-Country Energy Subsidy Reform Measures .....................................................15References................................................................................................................................16 Box Box 1. Defining Energy Subsidies .............................................................................................. 6 FiguresFigure 1. Retail Energy Prices in 2023 ....................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Subsidies versus Health and Education Expenditure (2021–2023) ............................. 3Figure 3. Fossil Fuel Subsidies in 2023...................................................................................... 3Figure 4. Distribution of Subsidies by Income Groups ................................................................ 4Figure 5. Energy Subsidies and Drivers of GDP Growth in Arab Countries (2021-2023)............ 4Figure 6. PM2.5 Air Pollution, Mean Annual Exposure, 2019 ..................................................... 5Figure 7. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita, 2021 ............................................................ 5Figure 8. Fuel Subsidies and Fiscal Balances in Arab Countries, 2023)..................................... 6Figure 9. Energy Intensity in Arab Countries .............................................................................. 6Figure 10. Clean Energy Investments in Arab Countries ............................................................ 8Figure 11. Social Acceptance of Energy Price Reforms ............................................................. 9Figure 12. Primary and Current Account Balance across Arab Countries (2012–2023).............11Figure 13. Government Effectiveness (2022) ............................................................................12 Reforming Energy Subsidies in the ArabRegion Jeong Dae Lee, Jarin Nashin, Bilal Tabti, and Hay