妇女经济赋权：一个循证指导工具包，助力更具包容性的政策

An Evidence-Guided Toolkitfor More Inclusive PoliciesPublic Disclosure Authorized Women’s EconomicEmpowerment inBangladesh An Evidence-Guided Toolkitfor More Inclusive Policies Table of Contents Acknowledgments This report was prepared by a team of authorsfrom the South Asia Gender Innovation Lab(SAR GIL), led by Kate Vyborny and PulkitAggarwal, with major contributions from SofiaAmaral, Isis Gaddis, Shirleen Manzur, IsabelaSalgado-Silva Pereira, Kendal Swanson, andViet Tran. The team appreciates additionalcontributions from Marian Abdel Nour,Raffaella Dimastrochicco, Anusha Guha, SayanKundu, Diana Lopez-Avila, Osama Safeer,and Hijab Waheed. We appreciate expertinsights from Bidisha Haque, Fahmida Khatun,and Shireen Haque Parvin. The report wasdeveloped with the support of the Bangladeshand Bhutan Gender Platform of the SocialDevelopment Global Practice under theleadership of Robin Mearns, Anna O’Donnell,Patricia Fernandes, Audrey Sacks, SabahMoyeen, and Erisha Singh Suwal. The team thanks Robert Zimmermann forediting services and Vito Raimondi for thedesign of the report. The authors would like to thank SergioDaniel Olivieri, Margaret Maggie Triyana,and Abhilasha Sahay, who peer reviewed thereport, as well as Cara Myers who shareddetailed feedback on the draft. We gratefullyacknowledge the support from the UmbrellaFacility for Gender Equality, in partnership withthe Gates Foundation. Abbreviations andAcronyms BIHSBangladesh Integrated Household SurveyDHSDemographic and Health SurveysGDPGross Domestic ProductHIESHousehold Income and Expenditure SurveyICLSInternational Conference of Labour Statisticians (ILO)ILOInternational Labour OrganizationIPVIntimate Partner ViolenceLFSLabor Force SurveyNEETNot in Employment, Education, or TrainingNGONongovernmental OrganizationRMGReady-Made GarmentSAR GILSouth Asia Gender Innovation LabTVETTechnical and Vocational Education and Training ExecutiveSummary This report provides an examination ofgender disparities in economic empowermentin Bangladesh. It aims to shed light on thecurrent state of gender inequality by analyzingrich microdata from multiple data sources,thereby fostering insights into women’s labormarket outcomes ( such as employment,earnings, hours worked) and factors a9ectingwomen’s economic empowerment ( such assafety, mobility, asset ownership, digitalinclusion, and 1nancial inclusion). Basedon the descriptive analysis of gender gaps,the report also identi1es key constraintson women’s economic empowerment inBangladesh and presents an evidence-guided policy toolkit to inform policies thatpromote gender equity and support inclusive,sustainable development in Bangladesh. What’s New in This Report? This report builds on previous analytical work conducted by the World Bank.1It expandsthe analysis by drawing on the latest microdata to paint the most up-to-date picture ofthe state of women’s economic empowerment in Bangladesh. Most of the analysis in thisreport uses data produced since the Covid-19 pandemic. The resulting insights have beenused to inform an evidence-based toolkit of policy instruments to guide policymakersand practitioners in developing and implementing programs that prioritize women’seconomic empowerment. The report’s novel contributions are as follows: Analysis of factors affecting economic empowerment In addition to measures of labor market outcomes, the report also includes ananalysis of factors that constrain (and, if addressed, have the potential to boost)women’s economic empowerment, such as digital and financial inclusion, assetownership, safety, mobility, and norms. 2 Use of rich microdata The report relies on richer and more recent rounds of microdata from 13 datasources to examine a broad range of outcomes. The combination of variouskinds of data—on labor market outcomes, asset ownership, time use, safety,mobility, migration, ready-made garment (RMG) factories, and norms—paintsa more complete picture of the state of women’s economic empowerment inBangladesh, along with the related drivers and constraints. 3 Identification of data gaps The analysis of women’s economic empowerment is limited by the lack ofnuanced data on various dimensions of economic empowerment. Specificdata gaps that, if narrowed, can improve our understanding are highlighted. Evidence-based policy toolkit for practitioners The report presents a policy toolkit to address key constraints on women’seconomic empowerment. The toolkit is based on a comprehensive reviewof high-quality global evidence on effective policy measures to address thegaps discussed in the report. It also includes an assessment of the availableevidence from Bangladesh and South Asia, identifying areas where high-qualityevidence is lacking and pointing to future priorities in research. To supportdecision-making, the tools have been prioritized based on their potential toenhance women’s economic empowerment in Bangladesh. This ranking hasbeen developed using aggregated responses