超越学位：印度北阿坎德邦高等教育改革之路（英）

PATHWAYS TO REFORMING HIGHEREDUCATION IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA SEPTEMBER 2025 BEYOND DEGREES PATHWAYS TO REFORMING HIGHEREDUCATION IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA SEPTEMBER 2025 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2025. ISBN 978-92-9277-433-2 (print); 978-92-9277-434-9 (PDF); 978-92-9277-435-6 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS250353-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS250353-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes:In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars and “₹” refers to Indian rupees. ADB recognizes “Hong Kong” as Hong Kong, China. On the cover: A mountainous landscape with a body of water and a building on a hill, taken in the Tehri Garhwal Districtin Uttarakhand, India (photo by Boston Consulting Group, 2023). CONTENTS Tables, Figures, and BoxesAcknowledgmentsAbbreviationsExecutive Summary Data and Methodology4 Diagnosing the Challenges: A Multidimensional Analysis6 Equitable Access to Higher Education6Engagement: Student Participation, Learning, and Completion11Future Pathways: Employment and Entrepreneurship Opportunities14 Pathways to Progress: Strategic Road Map for Operationalizing23the National Education Policy 2020 Reimagining Academic Delivery25Inclusivity and Access Enhancement32Systemic and Governance Reforms36Empowering Student Success and Future-Readiness40 Conclusion: A Vision for India’s Higher Education Future45 47 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES Tables 1Research Tools Applied to Study Higher Education in Uttarakhand52Comparison of Subsidized and Self-financed Higher Education Courses103Employment Landscape in Uttarakhand154Job Roles Required by Employers Across Different Sectors165Student Career Aspirations vs. Identified Job Opportunities and Skill Demands19in Priority Sectors6Proposed Policy Recommendations to Address Challenges237Proposed Course Mix Shift (Current vs. Recommended Future State)288Odisha School Education Programme Authority’s Transport and Escort Allowance Model339Plaksha University’s Financial Aid Model3510Finnish Education Evaluation Centre Audit Framework3911European University Association Strategies for Financial Resilience4012Models for Entrepreneurship Support4213Bennett University’s Specialized Artificial Intelligence Program43A2Estimated Demand and Supply for Public Sector Opportunities51A3Estimated Labor Supply Gap in 203052 FiguresAMeeting Stakeholders’ Demand to Strengthen Higher Education Systems xii1Delivery of Tertiary Education in Uttarakhand12Gross Enrollment Rate for Uttarakhand and Select Peers23Disparity in Access and Completion Rates of Higher Education in Uttarakhand34Mind Map of the Multidimensional Challenges Faced by Students in Uttarakhand75Percentage of Students Who Expressed Dissatisfaction With the Infrastructure Facilities8in Their Institutions6Systemic Challenges Faced by Uttarakhand Open University107Estimated Effective Learning Days Across Colleges in Uttarakhand138Employer’s Perspective on Job Placements in Uttarakhand189Features of theDevbhoomi Udyamita Yojana2110Example of Course Offe