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加纳：农业公共支出的诊断性回顾

农林牧渔2025-09-21世界银行梅***

AI智能总结

Ghana's agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the country's economy, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. However, the sector faces challenges such as resource-driven growth, suboptimal public investment prioritization, and misalignment of policies with climate and sustainability goals. Key findings include:

Resource-driven growth dynamics: Recent agricultural growth in Ghana has been primarily input-driven rather than productivity-driven. Public support has largely stimulated input use rather than enhancing efficiency, resulting in growth with limited sustainability.
Misguided public spending: Current expenditures dominate public spending in agriculture, limiting allocation to capital investment. This is despite the crucial role of capital investment in upgrading agriculture value chains, increasing productivity, and ensuring sustainability.
Cocoa sector challenges: Despite significant funding, inefficiencies persist in the cocoa sector, causing substantial losses. The COCOBOD Turnaround Strategy has the potential to generate positive net gains, which could be reinvested in the developing of the cocoa and non-cocoa sectors.
Untapped productivity potential: Potential-yield gaps and limited investment in R&D and extension services (especially e-extension) constitute a missed opportunity to enhance agricultural efficiency and output quality, and to build climate resilience.
Implementation shortcomings: Budget execution rates of government spending in agriculture are uneven, and inefficiencies limit the effectiveness of government and donor-funded projects and programs.

Recommendations:

Repurpose public spending: Shift subsidies to capital expenditures, enhance spending efficiency, integrate climate objectives, adopt gradual stop-gap measures, leverage technology, and attract private and partner financing for sustainable, productivity-led agricultural growth.
Advance comprehensive farmer support: Adopt a holistic value chain approach, integrating digital platforms, non-public extension systems, climate-smart practices, and inclusive agribusiness models to enhance impact, sustainability, and job creation.
Improve public expenditure planning and execution: Address inefficiencies, enhance agricultural expenditure data collection, integrate climate objectives into planning, and adopt project-level apportionment parameters to ensure accurate, efficient and sustainable resource allocation.
Increase profitability and transparency in the cocoa sector: Positive COCOBOD earnings should fund cocoa and non-cocoa agriculture. Adopt reforms to enhance transparency in MOFA reporting on cocoa-related expenditures.
Address inefficiencies in agricultural development projects: Focus on project design, capacity building of farmer-based organizations, innovative financing, complementary investment in infrastructure, and public-private partnerships.

The report emphasizes the need for a strategic overhaul of agricultural investments and policy adjustments to enhance productivity, reduce inefficiencies, and ensure a more equitable and effective distribution of resources within the sector.

A Diagnostic Review of Public Expenditures in Agriculture By Onasis Tharcisse Adetumi Guedegbeand Ashwini Rekha Sebastian Agriculture and Food Global Practice, West and Central Africa A’Melody Lee / World Bank © 2025 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000. Internet:www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta-tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, itsBoard of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on thepart of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance ofsuch boundaries. Rights and permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as fullattribution to this work is given. Attribution:Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank, 2025. Ghana: A Diagnostic Review of PublicExpenditures in Agriculture.© 2025 The World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publi-cations, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org Cover illustration: Women drying grain (Curt Carnemark/World Bank); cocoa pod (Jonathan Ernst/World bank);vegetables and fruits (Maria Fleischmann/World bank); rice field workers (Curt Carnemark/World Bank. Ghana A Diagnostic Review of Public Expenditures in Agriculture By Onasis Tharcisse Adetumi Guedegbeand Ashwini Rekha Sebastian Aknowledgements The Ghana diagnostic review of public expenditures in agriculture was undertaken at the request ofthe Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) of Ghana in closecollaboration with several line ministries, departments, and agencies. The review assesses the composition, trends, and effectiveness of public expenditures in the agricul-tural sector, offering actionable recommendations to enhance government support and improve theefficiency of resource allocation. The World Bank team expresses its appreciation to the Governmentof Ghana and technical counterparts for their active engagement and constructive contributionsthroughout the preparation process. The review was prepared by Onasis Tharcisse Adetumi Guedegbe (Young Professional) under theguidance of Ashwini Rekha Sebastian (Senior Agriculture Economist, Task Team Leader). The teamis grateful for the support provided by Abel Lufafa (Practice Manager), Chakib Jenane (RegionalDirector), and Robert Taliercio (Division Director). Strategic guidance and substantive feedback were provided by World Bank colleagues, includingMd Mansur Ahmed (Senior Economist), David Elmaleh (Senior Economist), Stefano Curto (LeadEconomist), Tamoya Christie (Senior Economist), Anna Twum (Economist), Kwabena Kwakye(Economist), Madhur Gautam (former Lead Economist; currently Senior Research Fellow atIFPRI), and Steven Were Omamo (Consultant). Colleagues from the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) and the Cocoa Board (COCOBOD)also contributed inputs and reviewed the document, notably Faisal Munkaila (Deputy Director ofAgriculture, MOFA), Nuhu Ibrahim (Deputy Director and Head of the Budget Division, MOFA), andAbdul Wahab Sulemana (Deputy Manager, COCOBOD). Peer review was conducted by Sergiy Zorya (Lead Agriculture Economist), Svetlana Edmeades (LeadAgriculture Economist), and Mekbib Haile (Senior Agriculture Economist). The final document wasedited by Michael Domocos. Table of contents Acronyms.........................................................................................................................................Executive summary...........................................................................................................................Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1. Agricultural sector overview.........................................................................................................1.1. Agricultural landscape and potential in Ghana.............................................................1.2. Recent sector performance and economic contribution................................................1.3. Recent agricultural growth, drivers, and challenges......................................................2. Policy framework..........................................................................................................................3. Organization and public spending in the cocoa

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