经合组织国家的卫生系统脱碳

Decarbonising Health Systems AcrossOECD Countries Decarbonising HealthSystems Across OECDCountries This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. ISBN 978-92-64-66867-6 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-89270-5 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-54022-4 (HTML) OECD Health Policy StudiesISSN 2074-3181 (print)ISSN 2074-319X (online) Photo credits:Cover © Halfpoint/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword In recentyears, growing evidence and urgency have drawn increasing attention to the closelinks betweena changingclimate and health, andtothe risks that related events bring topopulationhealth and healthsystems infrastructure.Yet despite thesedocumentedimpacts,this issuehas until recently been givenrelatively little attention in the broaderhealth policyagenda. Health systems themselves represent an important source ofgreenhouse gasemissions across OECDcountries.On average across OECD countries, more than 4% of greenhouse gas emissions wereassociated with countries’ health sectorsin 2018,a share in some cases higher than sectors that havereceived more attention for their roles in producing emissions, like aviation.At the same time, there issignificant scope for health systems to take steps that lower theirgreenhouse gas emissions–so called,mitigation policies.While this applies to any health system, thisiseven more relevant forhealth systemsacrossthe OECD, where important levels of waste and overutilisation of healthcare represent a challengenot only in terms ofcosts, but also in terms of environmental impact. This report looks at the state of decarbonisation efforts in the health sector across OECD countries,including the contribution of the health system to greenhouse gas emissions and what countries are doingto reduce the environmental impact of their health sectors by reducing the carbon footprint. It leveragesdatasets from both the OECD System of Health Accounts and OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables toprovide novel measures of the emissions from health systems, including decomposing health sectoremissions by scope and healthcare provider. It further shows that countries that are committed to reducing emissions associated with their healthsystems have a range of policies they can follow to support decarbonisation efforts. For example, onaverage across OECD countries, hospitals represent an estimated 30% of emissions associated with thehealthcare sector. A transformation of healthcare that places additional emphasis on primary care couldlower emissions and also generate savings for health systems. Reducing inappropriate care and wasteand the time spent in hospitalscould reducethe emissions associated with hospital care by as much as25%on average across OECD countries.Other relevant policy levers could include introducin