超越粮食安全：优化加纳饮食转型中的可持续健康饮食（英）

Policy Research Working Paper Beyond Food Security Optimizing Sustainable Healthy Diets in Ghana’sDietary Transition Francis Addeah DarkoEdward Martey Policy Research Working Paper11197 Abstract This study examines the sustainability and healthiness ofGhana’s current dietary patterns and explores pathwaysfor promoting sustainable healthy diets through agrifoodpolicy interventions. Using secondary data from the Foodand Agriculture Organization’s Statistics, Ghana StatisticalService, and other sources, the study assesses food securitydimensions, estimates greenhouse gas emissions from cur-rent diets, analyzes the relationship between income andmeat consumption, and generates Pareto-optimal dietarysolutions. The analysis reveals significant dietary imbal-ances: Ghanaians overconsume staple foods (279 percent of generate 46 million metric tons per year of greenhousegas emissions and fail to meet international sustainabilitytargets, with a positive correlation (0.3 percent increase per1,000 GHS income) between economic development andmeat consumption. Pareto optimization demonstrates thatalthough government dietary guidelines can achieve up to32 percent emissions reduction at higher costs, EAT-Lancetrecommendations offer superior outcomes with 47 percentlower costs and 70 percent lower emissions. The policylandscape analysis spanning 2014–23 reveals progress from The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about developmentissues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry thenames of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those Beyond Food Security: Optimizing Sustainable Healthy Diets in Ghana's DietaryTransition Francis Addeah Darko1Edward Martey2 Keywords: Healthy diets, sustainability, nutrition, GHS emissions, dietary recommendationsJEL Codes:O1, I1, I3, Q5 1. Introduction The intersection of diets and food systems forms the foundation of successful public healthoutcomes and ensures human well-being. Diets, which are made up of different foods that containboth macro and micronutrients and other important health-promoting properties, are born of foodsystems (Fanzo and Davis, 2019). Recent data on dietary intake and trends of dietary patternssuggest that what the world eats is no longer static or harmless. Sub-optimal diets, and thedownstream metabolic effects, remain a top risk factor for the global burden of disease (Afshin etal., 2019; Swinburn et al., 2019). Dietary trends also have increasing deleterious effects on the As global populations continue to grow, the environmental impact of diet is expected to increaseaccordingly (Behrens et al., 2017; Whitmee et al., 2015; Tilman & Clark, 2014). Therefore,assessing the healthiness of a diet requires a dual perspective. First, a diet should prioritize humanhealth by providing an adequate balance of macronutrients to support energy and physiological Nutritionally inadequate diets represent a major driver of current climate change and will likelyalso exacerbate malnutrition, food insecurity and hunger, increasing the disease burden attributableto food availability and nutrition (Kim et al., 2020; FAO and WHO, 2019). Increased temperatures availability and quality of feed and water for livestock, leading to reduced productivity. Extremeweather events can damage infrastructure critical to food distribution, such as roads and storagefacilities. These disruptions hinder the transportation of food from production areas to markets, The implementation of healthy and sustainable diets is a pivotal step to tackle these critical issueswhich are recognized and highlighted in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) (UN, 2015). The concept encompasses both the nutritional adequacy of food consumptionand the environmental footprint of food production, distribution, and consumption. Many African The relationship between human health and the environment has been extensively studied(Springmann et al., 2016; Scarborough et al., 2014; Tilman & Clark, 2014; Vermeulen et al., 2012),leading to the development of the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet, which defines a “safeoperating space” for environmentally sustainable and healthy dietary choices. Additionally, more Given this background, it is crucial to assess the capacity of country-level food systems to deliverhealthy diets, providing a basis for benchmarking nutritious and sustainable dietary patterns within a national context. Insights from such an analysis can help policy makers and developmentpractitioners formulate recommendations and develop country-specific strategies to address gapsin food supply and demand. In this regard, this study examines dietary patterns in Ghana thatachieveclimate-nutrition synergies,minimize trade-off