印度尼西亚的碳捕获、利用和封存政策简报

Carbon Capture,Utilisation andStorage in Indonesia Policy brief INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines thefull spectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement andmuch more. Throughits work, the IEAadvocates policies thatwill enhance thereliability, affordabilityand sustainability ofenergy in its31member countries,13associationcountries and beyond. IEA membercountries: IEA associationcountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and anymap included herein arewithout prejudice to thestatus of or sovereignty overany territory, to thedelimitation of internationalfrontiers and boundaries andto the name of any territory,city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Key facts Indonesia’seconomic development over the past half-century has beenremarkable, with profound impacts on its energy sector.Thecountry’s young power and industrial assets need clean energyalternatives and energy efficiency measures in order for Indonesia to reach itsclimate target of net zero emissions by 2060.Carboncapture,utilisation and storage(CCUS)can be an importanttechnology to help achieve that goal while advancing energy security andemployment outcomes. It is set to play diverse roles in supporting Indonesia’senergy transition.In March 2023, the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources(MEMR) finalised Ministerial Regulation MEMR 2/2023, establishing the firstCCUS regulatory framework within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN). The regulation sets the stage for upstream oil and gas companiesto undertake CCUS activities, including developing CO2storage resources. Key insights MEMR 2/2023 is a promising first step to spark CCUS deployment inIndonesia and could serve as a stepping-stonefor the establishment ofother CCUS frameworks across the ASEAN region. Work is already under wayin Thailand and Malaysia to create such frameworks.However, MEMR 2/2023 currently has limited scope for CCUS activitiesbeyond the oil and gas sector. Opportunities exist – particularly in industry,electricity generation and fuel transformation.For CCUS to play its role in Indonesia’s decarbonisation, subsequentministerial regulations will be neededto create a broader CCUS framework.At least one regulation is now being drafted, focusing on opening up thepotential to store captured CO2from other countries in cross-border projects.These projects can enable the wider decarbonisation of the ASEANregion, allowing countries with limited CO2storage resources to send theircaptured CO2to countries with more developed storage resources. The sameis true for importing or exporting CO2outside of the region.Cross-borderprojects may require regulatory changes to ensurerequirementsunder the London Protocol are met, as well as robust carbonaccounting methodologies to facilitate emissions reduction verification. Theseefforts could help facilitate the development of CCUS hubs in the region.A review of existing ASEAN platforms for regional energy co-operationis neededto co-ordinate opportunities in CO2transport and storage networks,such as in the next cycle of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperationor through the ASEAN Energy Regulators Network. The energy sector in Indonesia Indonesia has been the fourth-fastest growing large economy in the world overthe past 50 years, with major implications for its energy sector and emissions. In 2021, Indonesia’s total energy sector emissions were around 600 Mt of CO2,slightly less than those of Korea’s energy sector.A little less than half of theemissions were from coal combustion, one-third from oil, and the remainder fromnatural gas combustion (around 15%) and process emissions (around 5%). Between 2000 and 2021, total energy supply in the country increased by morethan one and a half times, and energy sector CO2emissions more than doubled.Much of this growth in energy and related emissions has come from coal, wheredemand has been driven by the electricity sector. Coal-fired electricity generationincreased more than fivefold during this period. Industry has played a substantial role in Indonesia’s growth, and accounts forroughly one-fifth of increased CO2emissions over the same period. Again, coalhas played a significant role, representing the lion’s share of fuels used in theproduction of steel today. A large number of power plants and industrial facilities were brought online in thepast decade, in particular in power generation, c