提高荷兰劳动生产率：诊断和政策选择

Boosting Dutch LaborProductivity: Diagnosticand Policy Options Shinya Kotera SIP/2025/120 IMF Selected Issues Papers are prepared by IMF staff asbackground documentation for periodic consultations withmember countries.It is based on the information available atthe time it was completed on June 30, 2025. This paper is alsopublished separately as IMF Country Report No 25/198. 2025SEP IMF Selected Issues PaperEuropean Department Boosting Dutch Labor Productivity: Diagnostic and Policy Options,Kingdom of The Netherlands—The NetherlandsPrepared by Shinya Kotera Authorized for distribution by Fabian BornhorstSeptember 2025 IMF Selected Issues Papersare prepared by IMF staff as background documentation for periodicconsultations with member countries.It is based on the information available at the time it wascompleted on June 30, 2025. This paper is also published separately as IMF Country Report No 25/198. ABSTRACT:Although the level of Dutch labor productivity is high, its growth faces challenges. From anemployment perspective, productivity can be boosted by improving education outcomes, strengtheningvocational training, and reducing labor market duality. Maintaining high skills across generations amidpopulation aging and better integrating migrants are also crucial. From a firm perspective, promoting businessdynamics and encouraging productivity-enhancing investment will be vital. In this respect, continued progresson the EU single market and addressing investment bottlenecks such as labor shortages, electricity grid, andpolicy uncertainty will beessential. Encouraging R&D activities and promoting productivity spillovers willfurther benefit productivity growth. RECOMMENDED CITATION: Kotera, S. (2025). Boosting Dutch Labor Productivity: Diagnostic and PolicyOptions, Selected Issues Paper No. SIP/2025/120, International Monetary Fund. Boosting Dutch LaborProductivity: Diagnostic andPolicy Options Kingdom of The Netherlands—The Netherlands KINGDOM OF THENETHERLANDS—THENETHERLANDS SELECTED ISSUES Approved ByEuropeanDepartment BOOSTING DUTCH LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: DIAGNOSTIC AND POLICY OPTIONS3 A. Context ______________________________________________________________________________3B. Macro Level Perspective _____________________________________________________________4C. Employment Level Perspective _______________________________________________________7D. Firm Level Perspective _____________________________________________________________10E. Conclusion and Policy Considerations______________________________________________15 FIGURES 1. Context ______________________________________________________________________________42. Labor Productivity Growth Decomposition ___________________________________________53. Labor Productivity Dispersion Among Provinces _____________________________________64. Skill Level_____________________________________________________________________________75. Use of Skills at Work _________________________________________________________________86.Use of ICT Skills at Work for Older Workers __________________________________________97. Labor Productivity and Self-employed in Provinces __________________________________98. Migrants ___________________________________________________________________________109. Labor Productivity Dispersion Among Firms _______________________________________1110. Business Dynamics________________________________________________________________1111. Capital Stock and Investment _____________________________________________________1212. Long-term Barriers to Investment_________________________________________________1313. Intangibles ________________________________________________________________________1414. R&D Spillovers and Productivity __________________________________________________14 KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS—THE NETHERLANDS BOX BOOSTING DUTCH LABOR PRODUCTIVITY:DIAGNOSTIC AND POLICY OPTIONS1 Despite having one of the highest labor productivity levels globally, the Netherlands faces challengesin enhancing productivity growth. The analysis highlights the potential to boost productivity throughreforms targeting workers and firms. Improving education outcomes and enhancing vocationaltraining, especially in SMEs, will help fully utilize the potential of Dutch workers. Given lowerproductivity of the self-employed,efforts to reduce labor market duality should continue. Amidpopulation aging, maintaining high skills across generations and effectively integrating migrants intothe labor market are crucial. Additionally, in light of increased resource misallocation, promotingbusiness dynamics and encouraging productivity-enhancing investment will be vital for Dutch firms. Inthis respect, continuing to push for the completion of the EU single market and addressing factorsaffecting investment activities (e.g., electricity grid, labor shortage, and policy uncertainty) will becritical. Promoting productivity spillovers both domestically and