提高荷兰劳动生产率：诊断和政策选择（英）

Boosting Dutch LaborProductivity: Diagnostic Shinya Kotera SIP/2025/120 IMF Selected Issues Papers are prepared by IMF staff asbackground documentation for periodic consultations withmember countries.It is based on the information available at 2025SEP IMF Selected Issues Paper European Department Boosting Dutch Labor Productivity: Diagnostic and Policy Options,Kingdom of The Netherlands—The Netherlands Authorized for distribution by Fabian Bornhorst IMF Selected Issues Papersare prepared by IMF staff as background documentation for periodicconsultations with member countries.It is based on the information available at the time it was ABSTRACT:Although the level of Dutch labor productivity is high, its growth faces challenges. From anemployment perspective, productivity can be boosted by improving education outcomes, strengtheningvocational training, and reducing labor market duality. Maintaining high skills across generations amidpopulation aging and better integrating migrants are also crucial. From a firm perspective, promoting business RECOMMENDED CITATION: Kotera, S. (2025). Boosting Dutch Labor Productivity: Diagnostic and PolicyOptions, Selected Issues Paper No. SIP/2025/120, International Monetary Fund. SELECTED ISSUES PAPERS Boosting Dutch LaborProductivity: Diagnostic and Kingdom of The Netherlands—The Netherlands Prepared by Shinya Kotera KINGDOM OF THENETHERLANDS—THE CONTENTS BOOSTING DUTCH LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: DIAGNOSTIC AND POLICY OPTIONS3 A. Context ______________________________________________________________________________3B. Macro Level Perspective _____________________________________________________________4C. Employment Level Perspective _______________________________________________________7D. Firm Level Perspective _____________________________________________________________10 FIGURES 1. Context ______________________________________________________________________________42. Labor Productivity Growth Decomposition ___________________________________________53. Labor Productivity Dispersion Among Provinces _____________________________________64. Skill Level_____________________________________________________________________________75. Use of Skills at Work _________________________________________________________________86.Use of ICT Skills at Work for Older Workers __________________________________________97. Labor Productivity and Self-employed in Provinces __________________________________98. Migrants ___________________________________________________________________________109. Labor Productivity Dispersion Among Firms _______________________________________1110. Business Dynamics________________________________________________________________1111. Capital Stock and Investment _____________________________________________________1212. Long-term Barriers to Investment_________________________________________________1313. Intangibles ________________________________________________________________________1414. R&D Spillovers and Productivity __________________________________________________14 KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS—THE NETHERLANDS BOX 1. Case Study of Brainport-Eindhoven________________________________________________________15 References____________________________________________________________________________________18 BOOSTING DUTCH LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: Despite having one of the highest labor productivity levels globally, the Netherlands faces challengesin enhancing productivity growth. The analysis highlights the potential to boost productivity throughreforms targeting workers and firms. Improving education outcomes and enhancing vocationaltraining, especially in SMEs, will help fully utilize the potential of Dutch workers. Given lowerproductivity of the self-employed,efforts to reduce labor market duality should continue. Amidpopulation aging, maintaining high skills across generations and effectively integrating migrants into A.Context 1.Boosting labor productivity will be a critical source for future growth in the Netherlands.Given the expected stagnation of labor supply due to population aging and limitedroom to increase the employment rate, more attention is being paid to enhancing labor productivity(Figure 1, upper right). This urgency is reflected in several recent studies on labor productivity (e.g.,Bettendorf & Polder (2025), Wache et al. (2025), DNB (2025)). This paper combines these findings 2.While the level of labor productivity in the Netherlands is among the highest globally,its growth has been declining and is now lower than that of its peers.Comparing laborproductivity levels (per hour worked) among OECD countries shows that the Netherlands surpassesthe Euro Area and is comparable to the United States and Germany (Figure 1, upper right). However,its growth rate is lower than that of other countries with similar productivity levels. Both laborproductivity and TFP growth rates in the Netherlands declined after the global