工作可达性、通勤时间和城市交通效率：来自达累斯萨拉姆的证据（英）

11186 Job Accessibility, Commute Time,and Efficiency of Urban Transport Evidence from Dar es Salaam Atsushi Iimi Policy Research Working Paper11186 Abstract Many African countries are experiencing rapid urbaniza-tion. However, job creation has not kept pace, resultingin persistently high urban unemployment rates. Basedon basic job search theory, the paper revisits the relation-ship between employment and transport connectivity atvarious levels, using data from Dar es Salaam, one of Afri-ca’s fastest-growing developing cities. It shows that thosewho commute longer distances tend to earn higher wages.Therefore, enhancing the efficiency of urban transportsystems is crucial. The paper also identifies variations in the relationship between wages and commute times acrossdifferent transport modes. Commuters using motorizedtransportation, particularly private cars and taxis, generallyearn more than those using nonmotorized transport. Hence,there is a potential risk associated with the overrelianceon private transport modes. The gender wage gap persistsin Dar es Salaam, but the positive effect of commutingon wages is greater for women, which can contribute toreducing the gap. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about developmentissues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry thenames of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely thoseof the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank andits affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Job Accessibility, Commute Time, and Efficiency of Urban Transport: Evidence from Dar es Salaam Atsushi Iimi¶ Eastern and Southern Africa, TransportThe World Bank GroupThe United States I. Introduction 1.Many African countries have been experiencing rapid urbanization in recent years. Forinstance, the population of Dar es Salaam, one of the largest cities in Eastern and SouthernAfrica, increased from 2.3 million in 2000 to 6.7 million in 2020. It is projected to exceed 13million by 2035 (Figure 1). This rapid growth is exerting significant pressure on the labor market.African cities frequently struggle to generate sufficient employment opportunities, resulting inhigh levels of unemployment or unproductive informal employment (e.g., ILO 2014; Dodman etal., 2017; Lall et al., 2017; OECD 2022). Urban unemployment, particularly among youth,remains elevated in many African cities (Figure 2). According to Tanzanian national statistics, thenational unemployment rate stood at 18.6 percent in 2020, with Dar es Salaam estimated atapproximately 25 percent (Figure 3). 2.The current paper examines the relationship between transport accessibility andemployment outcomes, differentiating the impacts of improved accessibility at various levels.While it is generally accepted that enhanced proximity to public transport services can reducecommute times and thereby improve job accessibility, this is only one aspect of its broaderimplications. As demonstrated in this paper, the existing literature tends to underestimate thecomplexity composed of the direct and indirect effects of improved transport accessibility onlabor force participation and earnings. 3.Most studies have predominantly focused on the direct impact of job accessibility.Bastiaanssen et al. (2020) reviewed 93 studies conducted over the past three decades, confirminga modest, positive correlation between access to public transport and employment outcomes. Forexample, Yi (2006) identifies a positive impact of proximity to bus stops on employment inHouston, Texas. Rotger and Nielsen (2015) find that the construction of a new terminal Metrostation (Vestamager) connecting southern townships to the central business district ofCopenhagen increased individual earnings. In Barcelona, Di Paolo et al. (2017) demonstrate thatthe probability of employment increases with the number of jobs negatively weighted by publictransport time, but only for women. In Uppsala, a city 70 km north of Stockholm, Sweden, the introduction of a commuter train had little impact on employment and earnings (Aslund et al.,2017). Source: UN Habitat. (2018). 4.In the development context, it is important to note that commuting is not inherentlyundesirable but rather necessary. Under the assumption that all commuting journeys are wasteful,traditional transport economic analysis may focus excessively on travel time savings as the mainbenefit of improvements to transport infrastructure (e.g., White, 1988; Metz, 2008; Binsuwadanet al., 2022). In theory, a job search model suggests that job seekers decide whether to accept aposition by evaluating a combina