数字港口一体化与码头效率：来自日本集装箱码头船舶、卡车和集装箱周转时间的证据

Daigo Shiraishi, Ryuichi Shibasaki, Wenru Zhang, and Yesim Elhan-Kayalar ADB Economics Working Paper Series Digital Port Integration and Terminal Efficiency:Evidence from Vessel, Truck, and Container Daigo Shiraishi, Ryuichi Shibasaki, Wenru Zhang,and Yesim Elhan-Kayalar Daigo Shiraishi (daigo121042@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp)is a master’s student, Ryuichi Shibasaki(shibasaki@sys.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp) is an associate professor,and Wenru Zhang (zwrxingkong@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp)is a PhD student at the School of Engineering, University No. 826 | December 2025 TheADB Economics Working Paper Seriespresents research in progress to elicit commentsand encourage debate on development issuesin Asia and the Pacific. The views expressedare those of the authors and do not necessarily Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 Some rights reserved. Published in 2025. ISSN 2313-6537 (print), 2313-6545 (PDF)Publication Stock No. WPS250485-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS250485-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use ABSTRACT This study examines port terminal efficiency through an empirical analysis of the turnaround timesof vessels, trucks, and containers entering and leaving selected Japanese container terminals.Using a comprehensive dataset combining terminal operator records, vessel movement data, andliner service data, we analyze patterns in vessel berthing, truck arrival, truck turnaround, containerround trip, and container dwell times across multiple ports. Our findings reveal distinct temporalpatternsin terminal operations—with significant variations between import and exportcontainers—and demonstrate that vessel calls, container types, and time of day significantly Keywords:port efficiency,digital integration,container terminals,turnaround time,truckappointment systems, terminal operations JEL codes:R41, R49 1.INTRODUCTION Efficient ports play a pivotal role in facilitating the smooth functioning of global supply chains, withcontainer terminals acting as essential hubs within international trade networks. These terminalsserve as the key interfaces where goods are transferred between different modes of transport,enabling the movement of goods across the globe and linking producers and consumersworldwide. Given their centrality to trade operations, the efficiency of container terminals directly In recent years, the digitalization of port operations has emerged as a key strategy toenhance operational efficiency and reduce congestion. Japan, as one of the world’s leadingmaritime nations, has been at the forefront of implementing innovative solutions to improve portproductivity. Introducing the Container Fast Pass (CONPAS) system—an online truck bookingsystem initially implemented at the Port of Yokohama in 2021 and subsequently expanded toother major Japanese ports—represents a significant step toward modernizing port operations inJapanese container terminals. Port congestion and inefficient truck queuing systems have longbeen recognized as major bottlenecks in container terminal operations (Li et al. 2022; Bai, Jia,and Xu 2024; Peng et al. 2023), leading to increased waiting times, higher operational costs, andenvironmental concerns due to idle vehicles. Traditional first-come, first-served systems haveproven inadequate in managing the growing complexity of modern port operations, particularly in This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a comprehensive review of theliterature