钢铁行业：能源效率和脱碳（EE-D）机会

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANDDECARBONIZATION (EE&D)OPPORTUNITIES Steel Sector — Energy Efficiencyand Decarbonization Opportunities The steel industry in Pakistan includes both large firms in the organized sector and smallermanufacturers operating in the informal economy, however the largest 20 companies cater to80percent of local steel demand.iContributing an estimated 2 percent to the country’s GrossDomestic Product (GDP), steel manufacturing directly employs 200,000 people.ii Overall steelproduction in the country was around 8.4 million tonnes for the FY24.iiiSteel is an energy‑intensiveindustry with nearly 2.9 gigajoules of energy required to produce one tonne of steel. Grid‑suppliedelectricity is the major energy source in steel manufacturing comprising over 80 percent of theoverall energy consumption of an average integrated plant. Primary energy supply to the steel sectoraccounts for 6 percent of the overall national energy consumption; Steel plants consume 6.4 percentof all industrial electricity, 3.7 percent of fuel‑oil and 9.3 percent of natural gas.ivBoth on‑site fuelconsumption and grid electricity contribute to sector emissions. According to Pakistan’s latestgreenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, steel plants emit almost 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2)—equivalent per year or 2 percent of overall industrial emissions.vThis note describes decarbonizationinterventions to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the steel sector while increasingindustrial competitiveness and providing wider economic and environmental benefits. The current state of energy efficiency and decarbonizationin Pakistan’s steel sector All steel manufactured in the country is produced from scrap metal in an electric induction furnace (EIF).The furnace technology predominant in Pakistan is the most efficient of the two technologies optionsapplicable to steel production from scrap. As the EIF process only uses electricity for scrap meltingwhile in the electric arc furnace (EAF) process uses both electrical and chemical energy, the specificenergy consumption of the local scrap‑based EIF plants is around 2.90 GJ per tonne; this is muchlower than the average specific energy consumption for the EAF technology (4.29 GJ/tonne of steel).1In addition to the adoption of the scrap‑based EIF, local manufacturers have implemented otherefficiency measures such as continuous casting, direct hot rolling, and systems for collecting fumesand dust. Since the scrap‑EIF route is the most energy‑efficient and cleaner secondary steel productionmethod, the emissions intensity of steel production in Pakistan (0.29 tons of carbon dioxide per tonneof product or t‑CO2/t‑steel) is considerably lower than the global benchmark of 2.5 t‑CO2/t‑steel. Existing & emerging opportunities for improving EE&D Options for decarbonizing the steel sector include energy efficiency interventions (such as theinstallation of waste heat recovery systems, efficient motors and control drives on motor drivensystems), the use of distributed renewable energy, fuel switching (using waste‑derived fuel orsustainable bioenergy in the reheating furnace, and green hydrogen for direct iron reduction and powergeneration), electrification of the induction furnace and process improvement (organic ranking cyclefor waste heat recovery from direct iron reduction). Additional investments in existing opportunitiesfor energy efficiency and decarbonization could reduce emissions from steel plants by 5 to 12 percentwhile energy consumption could be lowered by between 8 and 10 percent. Similarly emerging, sector‑specific decarbonization technologies could reduce emissions by up to 60 percent (through near netshape casting) and by 1,100 kilograms (kg) of CO2per tonne of steel (through hydrogen based directreduction). The energy impact of emerging technologies varies from a reduction of 7 percent (frominstalling a heat recovery system on furnaces) to 20 percent (using hydrogen based direct reduction).Additional details on existing and emerging energy efficiency and decarbonization technologies areincluded in annex 1C.A2and see annex 1C.B for the summaries of the analysis of five recommendedexisting and emerging technologies for the steel subsector. Emerging technologies Existing technologies Replacingsimple coupling with universalspindle and coupling Hydrogen‑based direct reduction (H2‑DRI) Direct reduction of iron ore (DRI) is usually carriedout using syngas as a reducing agent. Howevew,usingH2‑DRIcan conserve 20percentofenergy. The emissions reduction potential ofthe technology is dependent on the source ofhydrogen and the levelized cost of electricity.Currently, the capital expenditure (CAPEX) forthistechnology is unknown,and operationalcosts are likely to increase by 30 to 80 percentcompared to coal‑based primary steelmaking.The TRL might range from 5 to 7, with a lackofinfrastructure for hydrogen production,high cost, and transportation being barriers toimplementation. Wobbler