儿童体罚的公共卫生影响

Corporal punishment of childrenthe public health impact © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be nosuggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo isnot permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent CreativeCommons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along withthe suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is notresponsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding andauthentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediationrules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Corporal punishment of children: the public health impact. Geneva: World HealthOrganization; 2025.https://doi.org/10.2471/B09424. Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders.To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such astables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse andto obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted anddashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsedor recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors andomissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO beliable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the report of the WHO global oral health meeting and does not necessarily representthe decisions or policies of WHO. Contents AcknowledgementsAbbreviationsOverviewIntroductionMethodsPrevalence of corporal punishmentCorporal punishment in the home – global and regional prevalenceCorporal punishment in the home – national prevalenceCorporal punishment in education settingsConsequences of corporal punishmentPhysical harmImpaired cognitive and socio-emotional developmentHarm to mental healthBehavioural problems, poor moral internalization,increased antisocial behaviour and aggressionDamaged parent-child relationshipsImpaired learning and educational outcomesGreater approval and use of violence across societyEconomic and other costs to societyRisk and protective factorsIndividual factors that increase the likelihood of child corporal punishmentSex and genderDisabilityAgeCharacteristics of families and friendship networksIntergenerational transmission of corporal punishmentChildren living in a household with other forms of violenceCorporal punishment and adverse parental experiencesSocietal characteristicsPoverty and low incomeRacism, social class and discriminationDiscussionConclusionReferencesivvvi1245578999910101010121313131313131414141414161920 Acknowledgements This technical report was coordinated by theViolence Prevention Unit of the World HealthOrganization (WHO) Social Determinantsof Health Department. Bess Herbert, SoniaVohito, Alexander Butchart and StephanieBurrows wrote the report. AlexanderButchart oversaw the preparation of thisdocument, with technical support from WHOSocial Determinants of Health colleaguesTamitza Toroyan, Etienne Krug and SabineRako