2023年全球发展报告

Global Development at a Crossroads First Edition 2024 Foreword The World at a Crossroads Cooperation or division? Development or stagnation? These are the choices theworld faces as it stands at a crossroads of history. Global development is facing serious challenges. Geopolitical conflicts are intensi-fying, protectionism is rising, global consensus is weakening, and growth momentumis decelerating. National security concepts have been overemphasized, global industrialand supply chains have been disrupted, technology diffusion has slowed, and innovationdynamics have been stifled. Global poverty reduction has not received the attention itdeserves. Decades of anti-poverty gains have been reversed, and it will be extremelydifficult to achieve the goal of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. There is a hugegap in global financing for development, with developed countries delaying their fulfill-ment of assistance commitments. Investments in sustainable development such as food,agriculture, health and education have declined and the development gap between theNorth and South is widening. Developed countries are backtracking on climate policiesand the threat of climate change is increasing. All poses a historic challenge to globaldevelopment. How we respond to these historic challenges will determine the future of the world.Will economic globalization move towards a better version with a better balance be-tween capital and labor, efficiency and security, or will it fall into fragmentation underthe influence of the Cold War mentality? Will greater inclusiveness prevail to promotethe global common good, or will national primacy drive global development off thetrack so that it stalls and becomes ineffective and dysfunctional? Will the emerging mar-ket and developing economies (EMDEs) continue to catch up and push global develop-ment towards sustained convergence, or will they experience a “developmental reversal”and an increase in global development deficit? Will the global economy make a strongrecovery and move towards sustainable long-term growth, or will it decelerate further oreven fall into prolonged stagnation? Will 2030 be a year in which humanity celebratesmajor progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the beginning of abetter future, or will it be a year of regret over a missed opportunity and the vision of abeautiful world just remain a vision? History has shown that division brings disaster, while cooperation sustains pros-perity. The difference in the response towards the Great Depression of the late 1920sand early 1930s and towards the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) demonstrated thatdivision or cooperation leads to vastly different destiny for humanity. During the GreatDepression, the major powers adopted a “beggar-thy-neighbor” policy and resorted totariff wars and competitive devaluation of their currencies. The result was a huge rever-sal of globalization, sustained economic downturn, substantial increase in the number ofpeople living in poverty, and exacerbation of social tensions, which became the majoreconomic and social root causes that triggered World War II. On the other hand, in theface of the 2008 GFC, countries at the epicenter of the shock and those on the periphery,developed economies and EMDEs all came together for cooperation. That helped theglobal economy to recover fairly quickly, with unemployment in the major economiesdeclining rapidly, and the number of people living in poverty decreasing. In the face of the current challenges, there is only one choice for countries acrossthe world – to make concerted efforts to address the impact of the multiple crises andresolve development problems through development. In September 2021, Chinese Pres-ident Xi Jinping proposed the Global Development Initiative (GDI) at the 76th Sessionof the United Nations General Assembly, contributing China’s vision for global devel-opment and approaches to addressing development deficits and realizing the United Na-tions 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). In June 2022, PresidentXi Jinping emphasized, at the High-level Dialogue on Global Development, that coun-tries needed to jointly build international consensus on promoting development, jointlycreate an enabling international environment for development, jointly foster new driversfor global development and jointly forge a global development partnership. That wouldfoster a development paradigm featuring benefits for all, balance, coordination, inclu-siveness, win-win cooperation and common prosperity.Issuing a Global Development Report was included in the Chair’s Statement and the list of major deliverables at the High-level Dialogue on Global Development chairedby President Xi Jinping. The Global Development Report looks at critical developmentissues and urgent challenges faced by countries across the world, especially developingcountries. It presents policy recommendations for working towards a global communityof