利用重力恢复和气候实验（GRACE）任务监测东部含水层盆地和死海盆地的地下水储量

Shared ProsperityDignified Life VISIONESCWA, an innovative catalyst for a stable, just and flourishing Arab region MISSIONCommitted to the 2030 Agenda, ESCWA’s passionate team produces innovative knowledge, fosters regional consensus and delivers transformational policy advice.Together, we work for a sustainable future for all. Use of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) mission to monitorgroundwater storage in the Eastern AquiferBasin and the Dead Sea Basin Acknowledgements All screenshots in this manual were taken from the GRACE Groundwater Subsetting Tool (GGST) that was developed at theHydroinformatics Laboratory at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, the United States of America. GGST and the associatedtools were originally developed via funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: 80NSSC20K0155 and theUnited States Agency for International Development: Cooperative Agreement with SERVIR West Africa Hub. The present report was produced by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), under theoverall guidance of the Executive Secretary, Rola Dashti, and the insightful direction of the Leader of the Climate Change andNatural Resource Sustainability Cluster, Carol Chouchani Cherfane. Authors Authored by the Palestinian Water Authority and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, in Jordan. Coordinators Coordinated and reviewed by Ziad Khayat and Tracy Zaarour, ESCWA. Expert reviewers Supported and reviewed by Norman L. Jones, Civil and Construction Engineering, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, UnitedStates of America. Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the United Nations Economic and SocialCommission for Western Asia (ESCWA),e-mail:publications-escwa@un.org. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflectthe views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The UnitedNations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicatesa reference to a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House,Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website:www.unescwa.org. Key messages 1GRACE mission datacan be used to monitorchanges in groundwaterstorage over time, particularlyin data-scarce regions. 2In the OccupiedPalestinian Territory, GRACEmission data showed thatgroundwater storage decreasedmainly in the southern part of theEastern Aquifer Basin. This decreasewas attributed to an expansion inurban areas, coupled with a decreasein rainfall. 3In Jordan, GRACEmission dataindicated a significantdecline in groundwaterstorage in the Dead SeaBasin over the past twodecades. This consistentdownward trend might beattributed to the expansionof irrigated agriculture. 4Data from monitoringwells corroborate thefindings from GRACE,reinforcing the reliability ofGRACE as a tool for monitoringgroundwater changes. Thissupports data-driven decision-making and long-term planning foreffective water management. Contents AcknowledgementsKey messagesContentsIntroduction 5 8 1. Methodology9 A. Derivation of the groundwater data setB. Grid subsettingC. Storage depletion curveD. The water table fluctuation methodE. Data imputation 99101012 2. Occupied Palestinian Territory case study: Eastern Aquifer Basin A. Overview of the study area13B. Land use16C. Climatic conditions17D. Geology18E. Hydrogeological setting19F. Wells and springs19G. Water quality20H. Analysis of GRACE data21I. Groundwater Data Mapper using monitoring wells (optional step)27J. Correlation between in situ data (GWDM) and the GRACE groundwater storage anomaly37K. Interpretation of results and key messages38 3. Jordan case study: the Dead Sea Basin41 A. Overview of the study areaB. Topography and climate of the Dead Sea BasinC. Water sources in the Dead Sea BasinD. Hydrogeological units of the Dead Sea Basin 41424245 E. Stratigraphic correlation48F. Ana