多维贫困：在几个阿拉伯国家的未完成任务

Multidimensional poverty in Egypt, Jordanand TunisiaAn examination of multidimensional poverty trends inEgypt, Jordan and Tunisia, three Arab middle-incomecountries (MICs) with recent surveys, reveals slow andinconsistent progress.1From the early 2010s to theearly 2020s, Tunisia and Egypt experienced a modestdecrease in multidimensional poverty, while Jordanwitnessed stagnation. Disaggregated analysis shows thatmultidimensional poverty remains more prevalent in ruralareas than in urban areas.Based on the Arab Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI) framework, education remains the main driver ofmultidimensional poverty across the three MICs. Other factorssignificantly influence poverty as well, though their impactvaries by country. In Tunisia, assets, services and housing havea comparable impact, suggesting the need for an integratedpolicy response. In Egypt, access to basic services and nutritionare particularly critical, requiring targeted investments toreduce deprivations. In Jordan, education is the leading driver ofmultidimensional poverty, followed by housing and assets.Figure 1.Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio and intensity, and the Arab MPI over time, selected MICs11.211.221.817.521.618.225.426.328.726.928.10.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.0201120232011202320142022JordanTunisiaEgyptMultidimensional poverty headcountand intensity (percentage)Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio (H)Intensity (A)Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)Source:Authors’ calculations.Note:For details on the methodology see United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA),Second Arab Multidimensional Poverty Report, May 2023.©akram.alrasny/stock.adobe.com 29.40.000.050.100.150.200.25Multidimensional Poverty Index Multidimensional poverty in the Comoros,Mauritania and YemenFigure 3.Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio and intensity, and the global MPI over time, selected LDCsMultidimensional poverty headcount ratio (H)Intensity (A)Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)Multidimensional poverty headcountratio and intensity (percentage)34.619.462.757.438.137.449.343.856.855.950.550.20.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.0201220222011202120132023ComorosMauritaniaYemenSource:Multidimensional poverty data are retrieved from the2024 Global MPI database. 37–38percent between 2013 and 2023, and povertyintensity remaining consistently above 50percent. Theprogress of Yemen has been significantly hampered by itsprolonged conflict, which began in 2015 and has led to adevastating humanitarian emergency, displacing families,disrupting food systems and destroying infrastructure.The crisis was further compounded by economic decline,climate-related shocks and limited humanitarian access.By 2025, more than 19.5million Yemeni people requirehumanitarian aid, with 17.1million, roughly half of thepopulation, facing acute food insecurity.3Among the three LDCs, Mauritania stands out. Its MPIheadcount ratio is higher than expected given its GDP percapita, indicating significant multidimensional povertycompared to other countries with similar standards ofliving. This suggests a weak conversion of national incomeinto tangible improvements in well-being and basic servicesfor the poorest households. In contrast, Yemen and theComoros align more closely with the global trend, showingexpected levels of multidimensional poverty relative to theirGDP per capita.Figure 4.Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio relative to GDP per capita, latest survey yearR = 0.528110000120001400016000GDP per capita (2017 PPP $)Low incomeLower-middle incomeUpper-middle incomeHigh incomeNote:GDP estimates are derived from theWorld Economic Forecasting Model(WEFM) developed by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) The three Arab Least Developed Countries (LDCs) withrecent data continue to face high levels of multidimensionalpoverty, despite some progress over the past decade.2The Comoros stands out with substantial improvements,while Mauritania and Yemen have witnessed only marginalprogress or stagnation.In the Comoros, the multidimensional poverty headcount ratiosignificantly decreased by over 15percentage points, from34.6percent in 2012 to 19.4percent in 2022. This decline wasaccompanied by a decrease in the intensity of multidimensionalpoverty, indicating that fewer people are poor and those whoremain poor experience less severe deprivations.Mauritania still experiences widespread multidimensionalpoverty, with 57.4percent of the population living in suchconditions in 2021, a modest decline from 62.7percent in2011. Over this period, poverty intensity remained around56percent, indicating little progress in reducing theseverity of deprivations.Yemen has shown virtually no progress, with themultidimensional poverty headcount fluctuating aroundYemenComorosMauritania010203040506070809010002000400060008000Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio(percentage)Source:Multidimensional poverty data are retrieved from the2024 Global MPI