关于设计和实施幼儿育儿计划的指导说明

Interventionis a combination of elements andstrategies designed to produce changes, where the aimis usually to improve behavior, practices, or attitudes.Parenting programsare defined as a set of activities orservices aimed at improving how parents’ approach andexecute their role as parents, specifically their parentingknowledge, attitudes, skills, behaviors, and practices(Britto et al. 2017; UNICEF 2020).Qualityrefers to «the minimum standards thatmanagers and teams must maintain in what andhow they do programs and the impact, effectiveness,efficiency, sustainability, accountability andtransparency of outputs and processes achieved in allphases of programming and in all sectors of programimplementation» (Manghani 2011).Parentstraditionally refers to people who eitherbeget or bring forth offspring or to those who bringup and care for them. In this guidance note, parentsare defined not only by their familial relationship butalso by their functional relationship with a child, andtherefore the term includes nonbiological caregiverssuch as grandparents, extended family, and kinship(Britto and Engle 2015). •Partnerships with influencers within the communityand local organizations can help to enhance buy-inand effectiveness.About three-quarters of children living in low-and middle-income countries did not receive minimally adequatenurturing care in their first three years of life (McCoy etal. 2022). Lack of access to nurturing care for children inthe early years places them at risk of not reaching theirdevelopment potential (Daelmans et al. 2021). Researchshows that parenting interventions for children duringthe first three years of life can be effective in improvingearly childhood development (ECD) outcomes andenhancing parenting outcomes across low-, middle-,and high-income countries (Jeong et al. 2021). In thissense, promoting evidence-based parenting programsis essential to enhance child development by improvingparental behavior, skills, and knowledge through trainingand support.There is a considerable amount of research and evidenceon parenting programs that has been produced over thepast decade. However, it is still necessary to summarizeand translate this information into actionable guidance.Thus, this guidance note aims to distill the extensiveresearch on parenting programs into a guidance notewith practical recommendations for World Bank teamsand government partners.This document is divided into four sections. Followingthis Introduction, the second section presents the qualityframework while developing and implementing parentingprograms, which is the core aspect of this guidance note.The quality elements we propose, while they are neitherstandardized nor universal, we regard as critical items: (1)content of parenting programs, (2) delivery modality, (3)dosage, (4) workforce, and (5) monitoring and evaluation.Context analysis as well as policy and partnerships areadded as critical steps to support the key items in thequality framework. Within each quality element of theframework, we illustrate common approaches or bestpractices, as well as examples from evaluated parentingprograms in different contexts. We have consciouslyexcluded costs and resource maximization from thekey elements, as further explained in the policy andpartnership section. The final section of this guidancenote presents our conclusion and recommendations.Introduction Parenting Programs: A Guidance NoteEvidence-based parenting programs are interventionsaimed at improving behaviors, parental practices, skills,and knowledge to promote healthy child development,through support and education from professionalsor paraprofessionals working directly with the child’scaregiver.The objective of this guidance note is to providedigestible information about parenting programs toWorld Bank teams and government partners so they mayoptimize the design and implementation of parentingprograms. The main aim is to make this guidance noterelevant to any sector, such as education, health, andsocial protection. Although the primary target audiencesare World Bank teams and government partners, wehope other practitioners will find this guidance noteuseful as well.•Parenting programs’ content is driven by both theobjective and the local context.•Context analysis defines the targeted communitiesand provides an understanding of their culturalnorms and attitudes toward parenting.•Parenting programs should target both parents andnonparental caregivers to bolster community- levelchange.•Community members should be involved in decidingthe programs’ delivery modality.•It is best to combine different delivery modalitiesbased on need; while group-based programs aremore cost effective, in-person and home-basedmodalities allow individualized support.•Parenting programs should be delivered over asufficient duration, with regular meetings (ideallyweekly or biweekly) that last between 60 and 90minutes.•Workforce training should occur on a minimum oftwo weeks (full time five d