不可借-欧洲和中亚的城市如何在更炎热的未来生存并蓬勃发展

UnlivableHow Cities in Europe and Central AsiaCan Survive ‒ and Thrive ‒ in a Hotter Future © 2025 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.orgSome rights reservedThis work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work donot necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work anddoes not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respectto the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors,denominations, links/footnotes and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part ofThe World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The citation of works authored by others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by thoseauthors or the content of their works.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its know-ledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution tothis work is given.Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2025. Unlivable. How Cities in Europe and Central AsiaCan Survive ‒ and Thrive ‒ in a Hotter Future. © World Bank.”Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.Design byVoilà:| chezVoila.com Table of contentsExecutive SummaryA New Climate Reality for Europe and Central Asia1.1Mild Climates Shaped Civilizations in Europe and Central Asia1.2Heat Extremes have Become More Frequent and Intense1.3Urban Form Amplifies Heat Risks1.4Cities across the Region Will Get Much Hotter1.5Life-Threatening Heatwaves will Shift from Rare to Routine24The Toll of Extreme Heat on People, Jobs, and Infrastructure2.1Heat Causes Death and Illness amongVulnerable Groups2.2Heat-Related Mortality Will Rise in Europe and Central Asia2.3Heat Affects Workers, at a Cost to the Economy2.4Smaller Firms, Weaker Economies:Heat Stress Deepens Economic Divides2.5Cities Bear the Economic Burdenof Heat Stress—and It Is Growing2.6Heat Stress Is Putting Infrastructure under StrainWhat Needs to Be Done? An Action Agenda3.1Make Urban Spaces Cooler3.2Protect Vulnerable People duringExtreme Heat Events3.3Adapt Infrastructure for a Hotter Future3.4Mainstream Heat Resilience into InstitutionsGetting It Done: Achieving Heat Resilience at Scale4.1Who Leads? Governance for Heat Resilience4.2How to Deliver? Embedding Heat Resiliencein Systems and Budgets4.3ConclusionAnnexesAnnex 1: From Stocktaking to Action on Urban HeatAcknowledgments TABLE OF CONTENTS | Executive SummaryUrban areas across Europe and Central Asia are heating up—unevenly and with far-reach-ing effects. From Tirana to Tashkent, urban areas across this vast and varied region areexperiencing a sharp rise in temperatures, an increase in heatwaves, and growing risksto public health, economic output, and infrastructure. This report explores the emergingchallenge of extreme heat, explaining what is at stake, what cities are doing, and whatneeds to happen next.Why does heat deserve special attention?Extreme heat is one of the most lethal, least visible, and most underestimated hazardswe face. Unlike storms or floods, it leaves no debris behind. But the toll it exacts onpeople, infrastructure, and the economy is enormous. Tens of thousands of heat-relateddeaths have occurred in Europe alone in the past two decades, often coinciding with rec-ord-breaking heatwaves, which have brought unprecedented warm temperatures to citiesacross the region in recent years.Extreme heat events don’t just kill—they send thousands to emergency rooms, worseningchronic illness and overwhelming hospitals, especially for older adults and low-incomecommunities. And when it gets too hot, the costs are immediate and widespread: workersslow down, hours are lost, and output drops. Jobs in construction, transport, tourism, andinformal services are especially hard hit—threatening livelihoods just when they’re mostneeded. The ripple effects touch every part of the urban economy, from health care tologistics to retail.The threat is especially insidious because it’s so quiet. Heat doesn’t topple buildings, but itfloods emergency rooms. It can short-circuit transport systems in a single event, but alsowear them