为更健康、更高效的社会提供安全清洁的车辆2025

© 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet:www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank Group, its Board ofExecutive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this workand does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability withrespect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries,colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on thepart of The World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of The World Bank Group, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attributionto this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Group Publications,The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. (2025). Safe and Clean Vehicles for Healthier and More ProductiveSocieties. May 2025. Washington DC: World Bank Group. Edited by: Chitra Arcot, MA, PMP. Table of Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iv 1.1 Health impact of key risks from motorized road transport............................................................141.2 The economic cost of motorized road transport............................................................................18 Chapter 2. Vehicle Safety and Emission Standards........................................................................22 2.1 Vehicle standards impacting health outcomes................................................................................222.2 Modeling vehicle standards for health outcomes..........................................................................26 Chapter 3. Impact of Vehicle Standards on Safety and Air Quality................................................30 3.1 Assessing the need for vehicle standards adoption at the country level.......................................313.2 Evaluating the health impact of vehicle policies at the country level............................................353.3 Quantifying the potential economic benefits of improved vehicle standard adoption..................48 Chapter 4. Policy Implications for Decision Makers.......................................................................53 Argentina...............................................................................................................................................61Brazil......................................................................................................................................................63Arab Republic of Egypt..........................................................................................................................65Ghana.....................................................................................................................................................67India.......................................................................................................................................................69Kazakhstan.............................................................................................................................................71Lao PDR..................................................................................................................................................73Mexico...................................................................................................................................................75 Appendix B: Global CalibrationParameters..................................................................................77 Appendix C: Country-Specific Datasets.........................................................................................79 References....................................................................................................................................91 List of Figures Figure I.1 Number of f